項目摘要

摘要

Summary

本項目旨在利用節奏預測理論研究西亞「自由節奏」傳統藝術音樂中的節奏組織方式，以求了解土耳其—阿拉伯和波斯藝術音樂的演奏者如何通過操縱聽眾對拍子的期望（無論是樂句層面還是完整樂曲表演的層面）創造「自由節奏」的印象；以求分析樂器（和人聲）之間的形態差異是否會影響所採用的節奏策略；以求設計一個記譜系統，基於標準的西方五線譜，而亦可以捕捉到精細的節奏操作。

The purpose of this project is to study the way in which music is organized in the tradition of the Western “free music” using rhythm predictions, in order to understand how the performers of Turkish-Arab and Persian artistic music can create the impression of a “free rhythm” by manipulating public expectations of the beaters (whether in the form of a musical or a full musical performance); to analyse whether the differences in form between musical instruments (and human voices) affect the rhythm strategy used; and to devise a system of records based on a standard Western five-line system, which can capture fine rhythmic exercises.

我們選取西亞的傳統藝術音樂，特別是突厥-阿拉伯傳統和波斯傳統的傳統藝術音樂為研究對象，因為這些傳統中，自由節奏演奏的地位崇高，但它們的節奏組織方式仍然欠缺理論，而這歸根究底是由於西方和本土音樂學都缺乏相關理論工具。本研究旨在通過利用 Hasty （1997） 提出並由 Roeder （2021） 採用的節奏預測理論來填補空白，後者以此理論對這些傳統中不同樂器和聲音的自由節奏表演進行廣泛研究。節奏預測理論假定兩個連續的聲音會產生一個特定的時長，聽者會用以作為「預測」下一個聲音出現的基準。如果第三個聲音在預期的時長內發生，則他會認為預測「實現」了，如果沒有，則他會繼續量度下一個聲音的時長，以揭示音樂是否有加速、減速、中斷/暫停，或在設置一個新的速度。

We have chosen Western traditional art music, especially Turkic-Arab and Persian-traditional traditional art music, for research purposes, because of the high status of free rhythms in these traditions, but their mode of organization is still lacking in theory, and this is ultimately due to the lack of theoretical tools associated with Western and indigenous music. This study aims to fill the gap by using Hasty (1997) and the rhythm predictions adopted by Roeder (2021), which will lead to a general study of the free rhythm performances of different musical instruments and voices in these traditions. The rhythm theory assumes that the two consecutive voices will produce a particular period of time, and that the listeners will use it as a benchmark for the next "predicting" sound.

我們試圖通過這項研究來回答以下問題：土耳其—阿拉伯和波斯藝術音樂的表演者如何通過操縱聽眾對拍子的期望（無論是樂句層面還是整個表演的層面）來創造「自由節奏」的印象？這個面向與這些音樂的韻律系統有什麼關係？樂器之間的形態差異會影響所採用的節奏策略嗎？如果會，是如何影響？如何更好地用一個基於西方五線譜的系統去清晰而準確地表達這類音樂？

We try to answer the following question through this study: How can the performers of the Turkish-Arab and Persian artistic music create the impression of "free rhythm" by manipulating public expectations of the beats (whether in a musical or in an entire performance)? What does this look like to the system of music? Does the difference in form between instruments affect the rhythmist strategy used? If so, how will it affect? How can a Western-based five-line system be better used to articulate this kind of music in a clear and precise way?

本研究將主要通過記譜和分析進行。我們將為即興聲樂和在阿拉伯、土耳其和波斯古典音樂的彈撥、弓弦和管樂器上演奏即興器樂的錄音記譜。

This study will be carried out mainly through memory and analysis. We will be recording improvising music and playing improvising music on Arab, Turkish and Persian classical music, on bows and on tubes.

對此類音樂的分析研究的匱乏是由於缺乏理論工具，尤其是缺乏一種合適的記譜方法，以幫助研究人員在書面正確記錄感知到的節奏。因此，作為本研究的一部分，第二個目標是設計一個基於標準西方五線譜的記譜法系統，該系統可以很容易被接受過西方傳統訓練的音樂學家和音樂家所理解，但也可以捕捉到至目前為止未能被研究的精細節奏操作。這個系統將對分析世界各地不同類型的自由節奏音樂（不限於所研究的兩種傳統）有所貢獻，還將為教育家和作曲家創作新作品提供有用的工具。

The lack of analytical research on this type of music is due to the lack of theoretical tools, and in particular to the lack of a suitable recipe to assist researchers in properly documenting the perceived rhythms in the books. As part of this study, the second objective is to design a system of memory based on a five-dimensional Western model that can easily be understood by musicians and musicians who have been trained in Western traditions, but also to capture the fine-temporal operation that has so far not been studied. The system will contribute to the analysis of different types of free rhythms around the world (not limited to the two traditions studied) and will also provide useful tools for educators and composers to create new works.

項目編號：UGC/FDS11/E02/22
項目名稱：基於圖的魯棒聚類算法
首席研究員：劉卉博士（明愛）

entry number: UGC/FDS11/E02/22
entry name: Tu-based
lead researcher: Dr.

摘要

Summary

聚類是數據分析中的一項基本任務，它可以將一組樣本劃分為很多同質組。在過去的幾年裡，由於算法的高效性和簡單性，基於圖的聚類算法變得非常流行並在各種應用中得到廣泛應用。具體來說，基於圖的聚類只需要將樣本成對相似度矩陣（又名圖） 作為輸入並對該矩陣執行譜分解便可以生成聚類結果。儘管基於圖的聚類算法很受歡迎，但仍然存在一些基本問題，這極大地影響了它的性能。

Clusters are a basic task in the data analysis, which can divide a sample into many homogenous groups. Over the past few years, because of the efficiency and simplicity of the algorithms, the aggregations based on the graphs have become very popular and have been used for a wide range of applications. In particular, the clusters based on the graphs simply need to form the samples into a matrix of similarities (also known as maps) that can produce a condensed result as input and decomposition of the matrix. While the aggregations based on the graphs are popular, some basic problems remain, which affect their performance.

首先，基於圖的聚類算法的性能高度依賴於輸入的相似度矩陣的質量。因此，如何構建一個能夠最好地捕捉數據底層結構的高質量圖是這類方法的核心。此外，圖學習也是信號處理領域的一個熱門研究課題。然而，這是一項具有挑戰性的任務。傳統方法通常使用樣本的歐幾里得距離來構造成對相似度矩陣，但是該矩陣對噪聲非常敏感，並且通常具有較高的計算複雜度。此外，在實踐中，有一些可用的輔助信息可能會為提升基於圖的聚類精度提供有價值的信息，例如可用的監督信息，這些信息可能在某種程度上被忽視或未被充分利用。因此，我們將提出一個統一的理論框架，此框架能夠充分探索可用的輔助信息，包括原始特徵和一些弱的監督信息，以學習一個更強大和信息豐富的相似度矩陣，用於基於圖的聚類。

In the first place, the properties of the aggregation algorithms are highly dependent on the quality of similar matrix inputs. So how to construct a high-quality matrix that best captures the underlying structure of the data is central to this approach. In addition, graphic learning is a popular subject in the signal processing domain. However, it is a challenging task. Traditional methods usually use templates of Euros and miles to create a similar matrix, but the matrix is very sensitive to noise and often has a relatively high level of calculation complexity. In addition, there are some useful aids in the process that can provide valuable information for upgrading the concentration base, such as the monitoring information that is available, which may be ignored or underutilized to some extent.

其次，傳統的基於圖的聚類方法大多采用線性模型對數據進行聚類，但在實踐中，數據不一定位於多個線性子空間中，這可能會顯著影響基於圖的聚類算法的性能。這使得僅僅基於線性模型的圖的聚類算法變得不可靠。此外，受深度學習框架強大的非線性系統建模表示能力的啟發，在這個項目中，我們將開發一種新穎的深度神經網絡架構來學習數據的非線性映射，以更好地適應子空間聚類。

Second, the traditional method of clustering based on maps uses linear models for clustering data, but in practice data are not necessarily located in multiple linear subspaces, which may have an impact on the performance of aggregation algorithms based on maps. This makes aggregation algorithms based only on linear models unreliable. Moreover, inspired by the ability of non-linear system modelling expressed by a strong framework for in-depth learning, we will develop a new deep neural network structure to learn the nonlineal mapping of data to better adapt to spatial clusters.

基於我們堅實的研究基礎和已經做過的初步驗證，我們的研究將為大規模數據集提供更高效且有效的圖聚類算法。聚類是一個基本的和普遍的問題，涉及到許多課題，包括低秩矩陣/張量逼近、低維嵌入、半監督學習、噪聲估計、深度學習等。此外，構建的高質量圖可以廣泛用於數據分析中的各種任務，而不僅限於聚類。我們相信，通过該項目三年的研究工作獲得的科學發現將繼續推動多個研究領域的發展，並可以被廣泛應用於現實世界中的諸多應用之中。

Based on the foundation of our solid research and the initial tests that we have already done, our research will provide a more efficient and effective aggregation algorithm for large-scale data sets. Clustering is a basic and universal problem, involving many subjects, including low-resolution matrix/mass proximity, low-maintenance embedding, semi-supervised learning, noise estimation, in-depth learning, etc. Moreover, the high-quality maps constructed can be used in a wide range of tasks in data analysis, not just in clusters. We believe that scientific findings obtained through three years of research under the project will continue to stimulate the development of multiple research domains and can be widely applied to many applications in the real world.

項目編號：UGC/FDS11/E03/22
項目名稱：基於深度筆劃分割和畫筆軌跡識別的中文書法動畫生成系統
首席研究員：劉雪婷博士（明愛）

entry number: UGC/FDS11/E03/22
entry name: Chinese book-law animation generation system based on deep-drawn-drawn-painted and track-reading
Principal Researcher: Dr. Li Shen Ting

摘要

Summary

書法是一種非常流行的視覺藝術形式以表現優美的文字形態，特別是在東亞地區較為流行。然而，書法文字的書寫過程需要較為精細的書寫軌跡與筆壓控制，所以書法愛好者往往在剛開始學習的階段不知如何下筆。因此，展示書法書寫的軌跡與動態過程的動畫視頻往往對書法初學者有很大的幫助。此外，書法文字的書寫動畫視頻也經常用於不同的數字媒體中，例如電影、電視、動畫片和廣告等，作為更加吸引眼球的一種文字呈現的視覺藝術形式。雖然有一些現存的動畫製作軟體可幫助製作書法文字書寫的動畫視頻，但使用者仍需自行設計並製作每一個書法文字的書寫筆劃順序以及每一個筆劃的書寫軌跡與動態書寫過程。這個過程不僅繁瑣，亦需要專業技能。一個自動的書法動畫生成系統將極大減少這一過程所需的人力與資源。同時，生成的帶有書寫軌跡和畫筆壓力的動態書寫過程也可以直接用於機器人的書法文字書寫。

Book law is a very popular form of visual art that displays good writing, especially in the East Asian region. However, book writing requires more sophisticated writing and pen pressure control, so book law lovers often write at a newly learned stage. As a result, animations showing the track and dynamics of book writing are often of great help to law starters. In addition, book-writing animation videos are often used in different digital media, such as movies, television, animations and advertisements, as a visual art form that attracts more attention to the eye. While there are some existing graphics that can assist in the production of graphics in book-writing, users still need to develop their own book-writing process, as well as in every book-writing process, and in every book that is written directly and dynamic.

一個書法動畫的自動生成系統應包括三個部分：將書法圖像分割成單獨的筆劃，識別每個筆劃的書寫軌跡和畫筆壓力，並依筆劃順序和每個筆劃的書寫軌跡和畫筆壓力生成書寫動畫。這一書法動畫生成系統中有個三個的關鍵技術難點。首先，書法家在書寫書法文字時可能運用連筆或個人風格的書法筆劃，所以不同書法文字的拓撲結構可能與常用的拓撲不同。即使正體文字的書寫筆劃順序已明確定義，不同的書法文字也可能有不同的書寫筆劃順序。因此，對書法文字的書寫筆劃順序進行硬編碼並不可行。其次，現代中文和傳統中文的書寫習慣並不相同，現代中文習慣先從左到右再從上到下書寫，而傳統漢語習慣於先從上到下再從右到左書寫，所以在書法動畫生成過程中文字書寫順序的識別也是重要的一步。最後，為了生成更加準確的書法文字的書寫過程以用於可能的機器人書寫，生成的書法筆劃的書寫軌跡和筆刷壓力要精確且平滑。

The auto-generated system of a book-book animation should consist of three parts: first, a book-book image may be written in a single pen or personal style, so the structure of a book-written text may be different from that which is commonly used. Even if it is already clear from the normal to the next book-writing sequence, different books may be written differently. It is therefore not feasible to compose a book-writing process in a hard copy of a book-writing. The book-writing tradition in Chinese and popular Chinese is not the same, so Chinese has to start from the left to the right and from the bottom to the right.

儘管這一提出的書法動畫自動生成系統在教育、娛樂和工程方面都有著重要用途，但現有的方法仍未能解決以上提出的所有問題。現有方法往往只著眼於解決這一自動化系統中的某一部份，如筆劃分割、基於已知筆順的動畫生成等。在不考慮生成書法動畫的情況下，現有的筆劃分割方法通常只針對低分辨率的書法文字，因此分割後的筆劃往往分辨率太低，很難直接用於動畫生成。此外，現有的筆劃分割方法通常是針對特定字體樣式進行訓練的，即使是細微的字體更改也容易出錯。另一方面，現有的文字動畫生成方法普遍依賴於固定的硬編碼書寫拓撲，無法直接用於書法中普遍存在的不同拓撲結構的書法文字。

Although the proposed book-based animation system has important uses in education, entertainment, and engineering, there are methods that still fail to solve all of the problems raised above. There is often a way to focus only on some parts of the automatic system, such as pen-separation, which are based on known default animations. In the absence of a book-based animation, the existing paper-separation methods are usually limited to low-resolution textual text, so that the splits are often too low-resolution to be directly applied to animation. Moreover, the existing paper-separation methods are usually designed to train particular styles, and even minor text-changes are easily wrong.

在這個項目中，我們提出了一個新的書法動畫自動生成系統，其中包括一個新的基於深度學習的筆劃分割模塊、一個基於輪廓的書寫軌跡和畫筆壓力識別模塊以及一個基於深度學習的筆劃動畫生成模塊。筆劃分割模塊的核心思想是一個迭代細化的筆劃分割網絡，使網絡逐漸適應不同字體與風格的書法字體。書寫軌跡和畫筆壓力識別模塊的關鍵是根據輪廓信息獲得帶有畫筆壓力的精確軌跡。筆劃動畫生成模塊的關鍵是首先識別出對應的書法圖像中書法文字的書寫順序以及每個書法文字的筆順，然後根據識別的文字書寫順序與筆順生成書法動畫。

In this project, we have proposed a new book animation automatic generation system, which includes a new learning-based pen-separation module, a contour-based book-writing track and pen-pressure recognition module, and a learning-based pen-painting module. The core idea of the pen-separation module is an iterative pen-separation network that allows the network to adapt to different fonts and styles. The key to a writing-and-paint image module is that it is based on the schematic information gained in a precise sequence that draws on the pressure of the pen. The key to the graphic creation of the module is to learn, first and foremost, the order of the writing of the text in the adapted book image, and the writing of each book-writing, and then, depending on the text-writing process and the flow of the text-in-sitution.

在這一書法動畫自動生成系統的研發過程中，其研究成果，如出版物和算法等，可直接造福於相關研究機構與產業界。該研究項目還將為培養教師和學生在人工智能和數字娛樂技術方面的技能提供寶貴的機會。

In the process of developing an auto-generated system of book animation, the results of research, such as publications and algorithms, can directly benefit relevant research institutions and industries. The research project will also provide valuable opportunities to train teachers and students in artificial intelligence and digital entertainment techniques.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS25/E06/22
項目名稱：靜電紡絲方法製備複合聚羥基脂肪酸酯納米纖維膜及在懸浮顆粒過濾應用
首席研究員：劉耀輝博士（高科院）

entry number: UGC/FDS25/E06/22
entry name: Static wire method for the production of recombinant polystyrene nanofilms and filtering of floating particles
Chief Researcher: Dr. Yoo Yoo-hyeon (High School)

摘要

Summary

聚羥基鏈烷酸酯（PHA）由於其固有的生物降解性和生物相容性而成為有前途的聚合物之一。然而，高昂的生產成本極大地限制了它們的應用。眾所周知，原材料成本是 PHA 生產成本的主要部分。因此，該項目將使用廢水處理過程中產生的廉價活性污泥作為 PHA 原料的主要來源，以替代昂貴的商業碳源，從而顯著降低整體生產成本。

PHAs become one of the promising polymers because of their inherent biodegradation and biocompatibility. However, high production costs limit their applications. The cost of raw materials is known to be a major part of PHA production costs. Thus, the project uses the low-cost active sludge generated in the waste water treatment process as the main source of PHA raw materials to replace expensive commercial carbon sources and to significantly reduce overall production costs.

在現代社會，交通、製造業和建築業造成的空氣污染已成為突出的全球環境和健康問題。由於粉塵和顆粒物不斷釋放到大氣中，各種類型的空氣過濾技術得到了研究和開發。通過使用電紡可生物降解聚合物纖維作為膜過濾器結構的組成部分，這是生產可生物降解空氣過濾器以攔截顆粒物、揮發性有機化合物 （VOC） 或有害微生物的新步驟和有前途的解決方案。電紡可生物降解聚合物納米纖維也因其明確的多孔結構、高比表面積、可控的纖維直徑和相互連接的納米級孔結構而成為生產空氣過濾材料的多功能平臺。以及它們在納米尺度上結合表面化學的能力。可生物降解的PHAs基材料製備的靜電紡絲納米纖維膜因其對可持續發展的高需求而備受關注，其產品高度符合綠色化學。用於空氣過濾的靜電紡絲納米纖維膜引起了很多關注，包括靜電紡絲的預處理以及與產生所需過濾性能相關的操作參數。儘管存在一些先進的電紡空氣過濾納米纖維膜用於處理生活環境中的各類污染物，但使用 PHAs 作為膜材料的研究有限，仍存在不足。

In the modern world, air pollution from transportation, manufacturing, and construction has become a prominent global environmental and health problem. As dust and particles continue to be released into the atmosphere, various types of air filter technologies have been studied and developed. By using electromechanical degradable polymers as a component of a filter, it is a multifunctional platform of air filters that produce biodegradable air filters to intercept particles, volatilized organic compounds (VOC) or harmful micro-organisms, and a promising solution.

該項目的重點是開發和測試基於靜電紡絲 PHA 的過濾膜，用於空氣過濾和淨化。 PHAs 特性將被優化以適應靜電紡絲過程控制。商業 PHA 材料將用於確定 HB：HV 的最佳比例。將採用可生物降解的改性方法合成所需用途的 PHA。在初步研究中，成功地收集了電紡膜樣品，施加電壓為 12 kV，溶液流速為 1 mL hr^-1，PHB 濃度為 14 wt。 %。為了改善電紡納米纖維膜作為高效空氣過濾器的結構和物理性能，主要重點是用可生物降解的增塑劑對 PHB 膜性能進行改性，用於空氣過濾。將研究靜電紡絲納米纖維膜結構對過濾性能的影響。還將研究生物降解性。

The main focus of the project is the development and testing of filters based on electrostatic wires PHA. PHAs properties will be refined to adapt to electrostatic wire control. The commercial PHA material will be used to determine the optimal proportion of HB:HVs. PHAs will be used to synthesize applications using biodegradable modified methods. In the initial study, 12 kVs have been collected, soluble fluids are 1 mL -1 /sup>, and PHBs are 14 wt. To improve the composition and physical performance of electron nanometers as high-efficiency air filters, the main focus will be on the adaptation of PHB membranes with biodegradable plastics, which will be used for space evaporation.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/H04/22
項目名稱：設計思維的科學：理論及應用
首席研究員：羅安庭博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/H04/22
entry name: Designed science: theory and applications
Principal researcher: Dr. Roanten (Matrical Studies)

摘要

Summary

日新月異的科技令我們生活的地方起著翻天覆地的變化。現今全球人類都被科技所連結，很多以前我們不能想像的東西在今天卻變得隨處可見。科技令全球人類連結在一起，但同一時間也令我們面對的問題變得更為複雜及棘手。新冠肺炎的全球大流行正引證了這一點。在香港，我們也同樣面對著許多複雜及難以解決的問題，例如人口老化及土地資源匱乏等。在這個新時代，為了令香港及世界進步，我們需要以教育培養一班新時代的問題解決者。

In Hong Kong, we also face complex and intractable problems, such as population ageing and land scarcity. In this new era, in order to bring Hong Kong and the world forward, we need to educate and nurture a new generation of people.

為了解決複雜的問題，一種具彈性及創意的解難思維是不可或缺的。設計思維便是這樣的一種解難思維。設計思維被稱為二十一世紀人類必需掌握的三種思維之一（另外兩種包括系統思維及團隊思維）（Rotherham & Willingham, 2009）。根據史丹福大學設計學院的定義 （2010），設計思維可以分作五個認知上的過程。這五個認知過程包括︰同理心 （能以同理心去瞭解別人的需求），定義 （能準確定義問題核心所在及認清使用者的需要），設想（能根據使用者的需要靈活地想出很多解決問題的方案），制作解決方案的原型 （能以各種方法去展示解決問題的方法去令人明白自己的想法，例如以視覺模型的方式），及測試（能不斷測試解決方案的成效以作改進）。

In order to solve complex problems, a dynamic and creative solution is indispensable. Design thinking is one of these. Design thinking is called one of the three things humanity needs to have in the 21st century (the other two, including system thinking and team thinking) (Rotherham & Willingham, 2009). According to the definition of the Stanford School of Design (2010), the design thinking can be divided into five cognitive processes. These five understandings include: congeniality (which can understand the needs of others in harmony), definition (which can define the core of the problem and identify the needs of users), design solutions (which allow users to think about many solutions in the light of their needs) and develop original solutions (which can demonstrate ways to solve the problem in different ways, for example, by looking at models), and testing (which can test the effectiveness of the solution for change).

在現今研究領域中，設計思維一般被當成一種工具去解決各種研究上或生活上的問題。例如運用設計思維去改善正向心理學介入方法的成效（Yeager et al., 2016），改善樓字能源運用效能（Tushar et al., 2020）等。現今研究設計思維的學術研究大多停留在概念上（McLaughlin et al., 2019），以科學方法對設計思維作定量研究的學術文章少之又少，以致設計思維的定量研究在學術界仍處於萌芽階段 （Tsai & Wang, 2021）。我們都知道設計思維的用處，但我們卻不清楚其背後的科學機制。

In the current field of research, design is generally used as a tool to solve various research or life-related problems. For example, design thinking improves the effectiveness of current methods of psychological intervention (Yeager et al., 2016) and the efficiency of typographical energy use (Tushar et al., 2020). We all know the use of design science (McLaughlin et al., 2019), but we don’t know the science behind it.

為了用科學方法理解設計思維，本計劃的研究小組有兩個主要目標。第一︰運用定量及定質研究方法去建立關於設計思維的理論模型，尤其是關於設計思維者的心理特質；第二︰初步建立以設計思維解決困難的個案的大數據資料庫，這個大數據個案資料庫對未來的設計思維教育及研究都十分重要。本研究小組會將研究發現發表在國際同行評審學術期刊。我們仍會透過研究座談會去向同工及學生分享我們的發現。

In order to understand design in a scientific way, the plan’s research team has two main objectives. First, to use quantitative and qualitative research methods to build theoretical models of design thinking, especially about the psychological characteristics of designers; and, second, to create a major data base for designing solutions to difficult cases, a large data base that is important for future design thinking education and research. The research team will find that it is published in an international peer-reviewed journal. We will still share our findings with our colleagues and students through our research fairs.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/H18/22
項目名稱：中國中部語言作為語言區域的類型學特徵
首席研究員：陸文博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/H18/22
entry name: Central Chinese language as a type of speciality for the linguistic region
Principal Researcher: Dr. Lu Wen (Major and university)

摘要

Summary

根據《中國語言地圖集》（第二版）（2012），漢語由十大「方言」組成，包括官話、晋語、吳語、徽語、贛語、湘語、閩語、客家話、粵語和平話。其中某些方言較其他方言共享更多的語法特點，因此有學者提出了漢語「分區」的概念。Hashimoto （1976, 1986）提出漢語可以秦嶺淮河為界，分為北方和南方漢語。北方漢語如北京話，聲調數量較少，多音節詞比例高，被動句由「讓」類字標記； 而南方漢語如粵語則含較多聲調，單音節詞比例高，被動句由「給」類字標記。Norman（1988）在 Hashimoto（1976）的劃分基礎上新增了一個「過渡區域漢語」，時有北方漢語的特徵，時有南方漢語的特徵。除了北方漢語和南方漢語的特徵， Chappell（2015）發現了一些過渡區漢語特有的區域特徵，並由此將漢語劃分為五個區域。而其後Szeto（2019） 基於南北漢語的特點對 213 個中國方言進行量性研究，將其劃分為四個區域。

According to the Chinese Language Atlas (second edition) (2012), the Han language is made up of ten major dialects, including official, Mandarin, Wu, Insignia, Yien, Yien, Yien, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xin, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, X, Xen, X, Xen, X, Xen, Xen, X, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, X, Xen, Xen, Xen, Xen, X, X, X, X, X, Xen, Xen, Xen, X, X, X, X

儘管漢語方言的研究在過去有了長足發展，但「過渡區域漢語」至今甚少人研究，可作為劃分依據的此區域漢語的過渡性特徵和區域特徵更鮮有提及。這可能是由於「過渡區域漢語」本身的基礎研究薄弱，其詞匯語法面貌不甚清晰，尤其是徽語。

Although there have been significant developments in the Chinese dialect in the past, there has been little research in the Transfrontier Chinese language to date, and it can be mentioned as a bordering feature and a regional feature of the subservient Han language in this area. This may be due to the weak foundation of the Transfrontier Han language itself, which is not well-defined in its lingua franca, especially in its emblem.

基於文獻及對其中一種「過渡區域漢語」屯溪話的先導性描寫，本研究羅列出 18 種「過渡性」特徵和四種本區域獨有特徵作為研究參數。本計劃作為首次聚焦中部「過渡區域漢語」的研究，將對吳語、徽語、贛語、湘語、江淮官話以及西南官話的上述語法特徵展開調查。具體而言，本研究計劃選取15種代表性「過渡區域漢語」，研究其是否具備 18 種「過渡性」特徵和四種本區域獨有特徵。本研究旨在：

This project, which is the first to focus on the Chinese language in the central border crossing area, will investigate the above-mentioned syntax specialities in the Uo language, the sign language, the Xin language, the Jiang Xiao language, and the southwest official language. In particular, the study will select 15 representative "Hanese language" in the border crossing area, with a view to developing 18 "Men language" features and four regional unique features.

（i） 調查過渡性特徵及區域特有特徵在中國中部漢語的類型學分布，及；

(i) To investigate the distribution of transvestites and regional features in the Chinese language in central China; and

（ii） 揭示這兩類特徵對於中國中部「過渡區域漢語」分區的意義，及；

(ii) To reveal the significance of these two characteristics for the Chinese-speaking sub-region of Central China, and

（iii） 評估是否可確立中國中部「過渡區域漢語」這一語言區域

(iii) Assess whether it is possible to establish the Chinese language of the crossing area in central China

總結而言，本計劃旨在揭示鮮有研究的中國中部「過渡區域漢語」的「過渡性」特徵和本區域獨有特徵，從而增强介於中國北部語言如北京話和南部語言如粵語之間的這一塊「過渡區域漢語」的瞭解和描述。

In conclusion, the project aims to reveal the "overflight" and unique features of the "overseas" Chinese language in central China, where research is available, and to enhance the understanding and description of this "overland Han" language between the languages of northern China, such as Beijing, and southern languages, such as Mandarin.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS13/E03/22
項目名稱：人工智能技術在水生態環境中對河流泥沙狀態的預測應用
首席研究員：盧懌博士（珠海）

entry number: UGC/FDS13/E03/22
entry name: Anticipated application of artificial intelligence techniques to river sediment state in aquatic environments
Principal Researcher: Dr. Luang Hae

摘要

Summary

根據土木工程拓展署的數據，香港很大比例的土地是郊野公園和郊野公園外部的特殊地區。然而，由於城市化導致農村地區人口流失，寶貴的生態和文化資源因此逐漸減少，甚至一些偏遠的農村社區瀕臨被遺棄的狀態。因此，香港政府和一些非政府組織開始共同開展一些活動以推進鄉村振興。在保護文化經濟遺產的同時，鄉村周圍的自然系統也應該得到相對應的保護。就香港氣候特徵而言，頻繁的高強度降水對本土水體有很大影響。因此，加强生態環境狀況方面的研究對增進鄉村振興的可持續性有着至關重要的作用。

According to the Civil Engineering Development Agency, a large proportion of Hong Kong’s land is a special area outside the suburban park and suburban park. However, as a result of the loss of people in rural areas as a result of urbanization, precious living and cultural resources have been reduced, and even some remote rural communities have been left behind. Therefore, the Hong Kong government and some non-governmental organizations have started to work together to promote rural resilience.

在擬議的項目中，我們將建立一個綜合系統來監測和評估香港荔枝窩流域的水生態情況。首先，我们會建立一个包含大氣壓力、溫度、風向、風荷載等氣象數據以及降水強度、降水量、河流水位等水文數據的綜合數據庫平台；該數據庫還將採納在先前的研究項目中收集的有關河流系統中泥沙含量的高分辨率數據。其次，利用人工智能（AI）技術搭建模型來預測河流中泥沙含量的走勢，而水體中泥沙含量的變化情況是判定河流系統水質的一個重要指標；最後，我們將構建一個智能的水安全預警平台，為當地水生態系統情況提供短期預測。該平台將衡量人類活動（例如土地利用規劃、人工渠道的建造等）對河流質量的影響。不佳的水質在一定程度上暗示了當地社區的一些不合環境發展的活動。該系統還將提高人類在應對與水有關的生態災害（例如暴雨對土壤侵蝕的影響）的反應效率。香港政府可以根據預警信息及時採取預防措施，從而降低對生命和財產造成危害的程度。

In a similar project, we will set up a collusive system to monitor and evaluate the aquatic situation in Hong Kong’s silhouette basin. First, we will create a collusive database of atmospheric data, including atmospheric pressure, temperature, direction, wind charge, etc., and precipitation, precipitation, river water levels, etc.; the database will also include high-resolution data on sediment levels in the river system collected in previous studies. Second, we will use artificial intelligence (AI) technology models to predict the movement of sediments in the river, while the degradation of sediments in the water system is an important indicator of the water intensity of the river system; and finally, we will build a smart water safety alert platform to provide short-term predictions of the state of the local water system. The platform will measure the impact of human activity (e.g. land-use planning, construction of artificial channels) on water quality.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/E04/22
項目名稱：研究透過綜合飛機路線與維修、調度維修人員和飛機部件庫存去減低飛機維修延誤
首席研究員：馬凱琳博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/E04/22
entry name: Study to reduce aircraft maintenance delays by combining route and maintenance, modem maintenance and hangar storage of aircraft parts
Principal Researcher: Dr. Makeleen (Singer)

摘要

Summary

飛機維修路線問題 （AMRP） 是為了優化及提高飛機利用率和航班時間表的可靠性下去編制一組航線以覆蓋航空公司的飛行網絡。特別是飛機必須嚴格遵守民航部門規定的飛機規定，其中以最長飛行小時為優先。通常，飛機必須每 400-600 個飛行小時執行一次 A 檢查（A-check）。然而，由於 A 檢查所需的時間長達2到4 週，一般會導致飛機的利用率減至很低。因此，許多航空公司已將傳統的 A-check 重新打包成許多較短（小）的檢查，並在正常飛行操作期間在航班之間將其執行。因此，按時完成在維修站執行的檢查變得至關重要，因為在這方法下，允許的維修時間比傳統方法要短得多。因此，維修延誤很容易打亂航班時間表。在我們之前完成的 FDS 項目中，我們開發了一種機器學習算法來預測維護任務所需的維護時間，並估算了 AMRP 優化的相應延遲風險。結果顯示，航班時間表的可靠性提高了。此外，在分析維修歷史數據時，我們發現由於飛機維修需求與人力調度並不配合，很容易因為維修站人手不足而導致維修延誤頻頻發生。此外，我們也發現維修延誤可能是由於更換所需的部件短缺所造成的。然而，在現有的研究中，AMRP 沒有考慮維修站的人力可用性、組件可用性和勞動力調度。因此，我們建議在考慮組件更換可用性問題的情況下研究包括 AMRP 和勞動力調度問題的綜合問題。

We usually have to perform an A-check every 400-600 flying hours. However, as a result of the length of time required for A-checking and the reliability of aircraft utilization and flight schedules, the utilization of the aircraft is generally reduced to a very low level. As a result, many airlines have repackaged their traditional A-checks into short-term (small) inspections, with priority given to the longest flight hours. As a result, we have to perform an A-check for every 400-600 flight hours. We have to perform an A-check for every 400-600 flight hours.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS17/P01/22
項目名稱：香港衛生及消毒產品的抗菌成分 - 氯二甲酚的污水分析研究
首席研究員：麥鏇蕊小姐（東華）

entry number: UGC/FDS17/P01/22
entry name: antibacterial ingredient of health and disinfection products in Hong Kong - sewage analysis study of chlorodichlorodichlorophenol
Principal Researcher: Miss McNurley (East China)

摘要

Summary

氯二甲酚，一個鹵代酚類化合物，是經常用於抗菌洗手液和家用消毒劑的抗菌成分。在2020 年首次評估氯二甲酚可有效滅活2019 年冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒後，人類的習慣和生活方式發生了變化，導致全球對抗菌洗手液和家庭衛生消毒劑的需求激增，尤其品牌如滴露、威露士和Ariel，因為主要抗菌成分是氯二甲酚。另外，在家庭、商業、醫院和工業環境中更頻繁地使用消毒產品亦增加了氯二甲酚流到排水管下，並通過污水系統輸送到污水處理廠。其後，氯二甲酚會釋放到水生生態系統並對人類和水生動物構成毒理學威脅，例如虹鱒魚的基因改變和組織學病變。因為污水處理廠可以減少氯二甲酚流到支持生物和供應飲用水的河流和水庫，污水處理廠在環境中氯二甲酚的出現和生態方面發揮著關鍵的作用。在 2019冠狀病毒病之前，一些國家（如英國和美國）在水生環境中的氯二甲酚含量為 ng/L 至 μg/L 水平。然而，自2019冠狀病毒病開始以來，氯二甲酚的分佈和水平從沒有研究過。由於香港是世界上人口密度最高的城市之一，以及一個大量使用滴露和威露士的抗菌洗手液和家用消毒劑的城市，在2019冠狀病毒病期間，可以預計到污水處理廠入口處和出口處的污水樣本中氯二甲酚的含量一定比以前更高。由於環境保護署實施的例行河水水質監測計劃不篩查氯二甲酚，因此分析香港的污水處理廠如何有效地消除二氯苯酚，並了解氯二甲酚在河流和小溪中的局部分佈是必需的。然而，香港並沒有進行此類研究。

The transformation of human habits and lifestyles has led to a surge in global demand for anti-bacterial detergents and household sterilizers, especially brands such as delta, Virus and Ariel, since the main antibacterial components are chlorinated naphthalenes. The use of chlorinated naphthalenes in domestic, commercial, hospital and industrial environments has been evaluated in 2020 to effectively eliminate the 2019 coronary virus (COVID-19) virus. Human habits and lifestyles have changed, leading to an increase in global demand for antibacterial sterilizers and household sterilizers, especially brands such as delta, Virus and Ariel, as the main antibacterial components are chlorinated chlorodiphenol.

項目將在兩個污水處理廠（昂船洲和沙田）的入口處和出口處採樣，量化污水中的氯二甲酚。調查會於雨季和旱季進行，並計算每個污水處理廠消除氯二甲酚的效率和評估出口處的污水對水生生態系統的潛在生態風險。結果有助了解季節對污水樣本中氯二甲酚的影響。兩條河流的污水樣本亦會收集，以確定氯二甲酚的分佈和生態風險。項目將是第一個在香港進行，並於2019 年冠狀病毒病期間針對氯二甲酚的研究。結果將有助於創建一個重要的知識庫，幫助衛生和環境當局戰略性地規劃政策，系統地評估污水處理廠消除氯二甲酚的效率，並為社區環境計劃制定措施以防止這種有害物質進入環境，從而保護公眾健康和安全。

The project will be carried out during the rainy and dry seasons, and will calculate the efficiency of the removal of chlorinated chlorinated naphthalenes from each sewage treatment plant and evaluate the potential risks to the aquatic system of sewage from the export site. The results will be useful in understanding the impact of the season on the sewage samples. The sewage samples of the two rivers will also be collected to determine the distribution and risks of life of chlorinated chlorinated naphthalenes. The project will be the first study in Hong Kong, and will be conducted in 2019, during the period of the coronary viral disease, to protect public health and safety from this harmful substance.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS25/M03/22
項目名稱：新型抗 PD 雜合體的設計和藥理學研究：通過協同作用於 GSK3β/MEF2D 和 MAO-B 的神經保護和病程改善作用
首席研究員：麥成雄博士（高科院）

entry number: UGC/FDS25/M03/22
entry name: Design and pharmacological studies of new anti-PD complexes: neuro-protection and pathological improvement role of GSK3be/MEF2D and MAO-B
Principal Researcher: Dr. Mak Sung-hyun (Hoko Academy)

摘要

Summary

帕金森病 （PD） 已被列為全球第二常見的神經退行性疾病。 PD可能導致患者出現嚴重運動功能障礙。由於 PD 是多因素的神經退行性疾病，目前可用的藥物只能為病人緩解症狀。越來越多的證據表明，黑質中神經元細胞的退化可能是由多種遺傳/環境因素引起的。因此，「單一化合物-多靶點配體」策略可能會專注於開發治療 PD 的新型候選藥物。最近的研究還表明，糖原合酶激酶-3β（GSK3β）/肌細胞增強因子2D（MEF2D）和單胺氧化酶-B（MAO-B）在老年癡呆（AD）的病理進展中起重要作用。因此，GSK3β、MEF2D 和/或 MAO-B 可能是預防和/或治療 PD 的關鍵藥物靶點。

Perkinson's disease (PD) has been classified as the second most common dementia in the world. The PD strategy may lead to severe motor impairments. Since the PD is a multifactorial dementia disease, currently available drugs are only a symptom of patient retardation. More and more evidence suggests that the degradation of neurons in black matter may be caused by a number of genetic/environmental factors. Thus, the `one compound-multi-target combination' strategy may focus on the development of new candidate drugs for treatment of PD. Recent research also suggests that syruptase-3-beta (GSK3b)/species growth factors of 2D (MEF2D) and monomer oxide-B (MAO-B) may play an important role in the development of the pathology of dementia (AD).

在之前的研究中，我們已經證明了 3-取代-2-吲哚酮類化合物，包括舒尼替尼類似物、靛玉紅-3-肟和鉤藤鹼，對多種與 PD 相關的神經毒素具有顯著的神經保護作用。潛在分子機制可能通過抑制 GSK3β 和/或 MAO-B 來調節 MEF2D 功能障礙。基於多功能策略，我們現在假設靶向 GSK3β/MEF2D 和 MAO-B 的多功能候選藥物可能為治療 PD 帶來新希望。通過使用配體和基於結構的虛擬篩選技術的順序組合，以及分子對接分析，我們設計了幾種虛擬雜交體，可以通過抑制 GSK3β 和 MAO-B 來開發多功能分子。令人鼓舞的是，其中一些候選藥物具有優秀的藥代動力學特性和低毒性。特別是，這些新型雜化物中的兩個，雜化二氫吲哚-2-單核（3-取代-2-二氫吲哚-酮化合物的藥效團，MEF2增強劑）和炔丙基（不可逆的MAO-B抑製劑，雷沙吉蘭的部分）已顯示出有希望分別對 GSK3β 和 MAO-B 有抑製作用。

In previous studies, we have demonstrated that 3-substitution of 2-tone compounds, including the Shunitoni analogues, the jade red-3-tung and the mao-B, have a remarkable neuroprotection effect on several types of neurotoxins associated with the PD. Potential molecular systems may be able to regulate MEF2D by suppressing GSK3-beta and/or MAO-B. Based on multifunctional strategies, we now assume that multiple-functional drug selection options for GSK3-beta/MEF2D and MAO-B may offer new hope for treatment of PD. Some of the candidates have superior drug administrative properties and low toxicity through the use of configurations and base-based virtual selection techniques, as well as analysis of molecules, and we have designed several virtual hybrid hybrids that can replace the GGSK3-M2-N2-N2-N2-N2-N3-N2-N2-N2-N2-N2-N3-N2-N3-N2-N3-N2-N2-M3-M3-N2-N2-N2-M3-N2-M3-M3-M3-N2-M3-M3-N2-M3-N2-N-N2-N2-M3-N2-M3-M3-N2-D.-M3-D-D-M3-M3-M3-M3-D-M3-M3-M3-M3-D-M3-N-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-M3-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D.-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-

本計劃的主要目的是合成和優化多功能雜合體，並系統研究 GSK3β/MEF2D 和 MAO-B 抑制性雜合體與 PD 相關的多種體外模型的神經保護作用和潛在機制。如果成功，我們將通過協同作用於多個靶點，開發具有改善疾病潛力的新一代抗 PD 線索。

The main objective of the project is to synthesize and refine multifunctional complexes and to systematically study the neuroprotection and potential mechanisms of the multiplicity of extraterrestrial models associated with the GSK3β/MEF2D and MAO-B suppression complexes and PD. If successful, we will develop a new generation of anti-PD links with improved disease potential through a combination of targets.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS16/M05/22
項目名稱：與飼料相關的金屬/類金屬和水溫升高對兩種經濟魚類的慢性影響
首席研究員：巫永然博士（都大）

entry number: UGC/FDS16/M05/22
entry name: Chronic effects of metal/metal and water temperature increases on two types of economic fish

摘要

Summary

魚類是沿海地區人口的重要蛋白質來源。為確保安全，魚產品和魚飼料中的金屬和類金屬濃度受到監管，其水平不應超過最大允許濃度。然而，在魚產品和魚飼料中仍然經常檢測到金屬/類物質，而且這個問題可能會因氣候變化而加劇。作為變溫生物，大多數魚類會根據環境溫度改變體溫。魚類在較熱的環境中對環境污染物更敏感，因為較高的水溫會增加它們的基礎代謝率。因此，魚類需要更多的飼料來補償高溫下更高的能量消耗。因此，魚類從飲食中攝入的金屬/類金屬會增加，令魚產品中金屬/類金屬的積累。因此，隨著氣候變化導致的暖化，魚類飼料中金屬/類金屬攝入量的增加，對魚類構成了更大的威脅。

Fish are an important source of protein for coastal populations. In order to ensure safety, metals and metals in fish products and catches are monitored at a level that does not exceed the maximum permissible intensity. However, metal/types are still often detected in fish products and fish materials, and this problem may be compounded by changes in climate. As a warming organism, most fish will change their temperature according to environmental temperature. Fish are more sensitive to environmental pollutants in a warmer environment, as higher water temperatures increase their base-based rates of metabolism.

政府間氣候變化專門委員會預測，到 21 世紀末，地球表面溫度將比 1980-1990 年高出 3.79°C，而在 2022 年，觀察到的溫度已經上升約 0.7°C。雖然氣候變暖最初可能有利於水產養殖業，因為魚類在較高溫度下生長更快，該行業也將受到以下事件的負面影響：（1）較高水溫下飼料消耗增加可能導致更多魚類中的金屬/類金屬積累，導致超過允許限度的魚產品被拒收； （2） 即使按照現行標準，魚類中的金屬/類金屬的含量是安全的，但由於魚類在較高溫度下對金屬/類物質的敏感性較高，魚類可能會承受更大的壓力，從而導致更大的損耗； （3） 由於魚在較高溫度下會有較高代謝率，魚的能量消耗會隨之增加，加大飼料消耗和飼料成本。氣候變暖以及金屬/類金屬污染對養殖魚類的確切長期影響在很大程度上是未知的。因此，現時有迫切需要研究魚類對溫度升高的反應，研究溫度升高是否會影響魚類中金屬/類金屬的毒性和積累，並確定對消費者的潛在健康風險。

The Governmental Commission on Climate Change predicts that, by the end of the 21st century, the surface temperature of the Earth will be 3.79° higher than it was in 1980-1990; C, in 2022, the temperature observed has risen by about 0.7° C. Although warming may initially be beneficial to the aquaculture industry, as fish grow faster at higher temperatures, the industry will also be affected by events such as: (1) increased consumption of materials under higher water temperatures may result in higher consumption of gold/metals in more fish species, resulting in the rejection of over-alloyed fish products; and (2) even if, according to current standards, the content of gold/metals in fish would be safe, given the heightened sensitivity of fish to gold/types under higher temperatures, fish may be subject to greater pressure from the consumption of fish, leading to greater consumption of the consumption of gas from the same species; and (3) research on whether the consumption and consumption of fish/stellars will affect the consumption of fish at higher temperatures, and whether the consumption and consumption of the consumption of fish at higher temperatures will be associated with higher consumption and consumption.

本項目旨在研究膳食中金屬/類金屬和水溫升高對羅非魚和鯪魚的生長、生產力和免疫、生理和蛋白質組學反應、金屬/類金屬的積累以及經濟地食用這兩種物質的潛在健康風險的綜合慢性影響。尼羅羅非魚比鯪魚更耐熱。實驗將會控制魚缸溫度，並使用兩種魚進行兩個單獨的實驗。魚缸中的魚將暴露於兩種水溫範圍的組合（低溫範圍：從 24°C 逐漸升高到 30°C；高溫範圍：從 28°C 逐漸升高到 34°C）或固定溫度（30°C 或 34°C）和三種膳食金屬/類物質濃度（最大允許水平，比允許水平低 10 倍和未加標的 [控制飲食]），每個實驗為期 6 個月。這些實驗條件將模擬全球變暖和魚飼料中可能的金屬/類金屬含量。面臨不斷變化的環境帶來的挑戰，項目成果將對水產養殖業、政府部門和魚飼料生產商帶來助益。項目成果亦會轉化為教材和公共研討會。

The objective of this project is to study the chronic effects of the potential health risks associated with the rise in metal/metals and water temperatures in the diet. The experiment will control the temperature of the fish tank and use two species of fish for two separate experiments. Fish in the tank will be exposed to the combination of water temperature levels (low range: 24 #176; C is rising to 30 #176; C; high temperature range: 28 #176; C is rising to 34 #176; C) or fixed temperature (30 #176; C or 34 #176; C) and three dietary gold/types will be used to produce the most acceptable level, which will be less than the acceptable level of 28 #176; C is increasing to 34 #176; C) and the non-consumption of gold from the market, which will be used as a source of fuel for the global consumption and consumption of water.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS15/H09/22
項目名稱：協助智障青少年過渡至成人就業服務的優質策略研究
首席研究員：武婉嫻博士（樹仁）

entry number: UGC/FDS15/H09/22
entry name: Study on Good Strategies for Assisting Mentally Handicapped Young People to Access Adult Business Services
Principal Researcher: Dr. Wu Wanjian (Rin)

摘要

Summary

在香港，有輕度至中度智障的特殊學校離校生正在等待過渡到畢業後的工作安排。雖然香港政府一直資助特殊學校和社會服務機構，為智障人士提供畢業過渡期支援，但仍缺乏適切的無縫過渡。國際研究發現，智障離校生及其家庭照顧者普遍面臨的問題包括：離校後安置等待時間長、父母較少參與過渡計劃、學校、家庭和社會服務系統之間缺乏合作。因此，特殊學校和社會服務機構可以為智障離校生及其家庭照顧者提供不同類型的過渡策略，從生態系統的角度提高個人、家庭、學校和社會層面的過渡期支援。過渡期支援策略可以描述為促進過渡期間的跨專業合作，機構間建立夥伴關係，或改進可能影響過渡期支援的方法。本研究目標包括（1） 促進智障準離校生及其家庭照顧者，在離校前後之過渡期安排；（2） 探討現時特殊學校普遍採用的過渡期支援策略；（3） 研究過渡期支援策略、智障生及照顧者的心理健康和生活質量之間的關係；（4） 為建立優質過渡期支援策略作出建議。本研究將採用混合方法，通過質性和量性研究方法以收集數據。研究流程為先以訪談形式了解智障生及其家庭照顧者在過渡期間遇到的問題，以及特殊學校普遍採用之過渡期支援策略。其後，訪談資料將用於設計過渡期支援策略的問卷。隨後進行問卷調查，以了解過渡期支援策略、父母壓力、生活質量和心理健康等變項之間的關係。研究最終會探索優質過渡期支援策略的組成方法以及促進優質過渡期支援的因素。

In Hong Kong, special schools with low-to-moderate mental disabilities are waiting to pass through their post-graduate work arrangements. Thus, special schools and social services can support special schools and social services, providing support for those with mental disabilities with different types of transition strategies, improving personal, family, school, and social support from the point of view of the system, understanding the transit arrangements.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS16/H18/22
項目名稱：親生命之理智與情感：探討當代環境文學中的人獸共存
首席研究員：吳澤君博士（都大）

entry number: UGC/FDS16/H18/22
entry name: "Senses and emotions of life: exploring the coexistence of humans and animals in contemporary environmental literature"
Principal Researcher: Dr. Oh Dae-gion (Major)

摘要

Summary

本研究計劃旨在探討當代環境文學中與動物有關的作品（包括小說及非小說）所呈現之人獸共存關係的不同層面及重要性。立足近年發展的動物研究、生態批評及環境人文學的學術討論，本計劃以當代批判理論中聚焦「動物問題」及著重人類與動物的相互依存關係本體論的論述為理論框架。作為地球生態系統的一分子，人類並非比其他生物優越，因為所有生命形式均為依賴多物種糾纏的具身化存在，人與其他生物有著密不可分的關係。長久以來，人類中心主義的預設和意識形態支持並鞏固了自然與文化二元論的迷思。在重新審視人類中心主義及探索生物中心主義不同的可能性的學術脈絡下，本計劃試圖闡述與動物有關的寫作如何表達人獸共存在我們的多物種經驗中的重要性。這些作品均能體現一種「親生命美學」—這個概念啟發自愛德華·奧斯本·威爾森的「親生命假說」，意指人類天性中有著親近生命與自然的本能。本計劃將研究多項由當代作家及自然學家書寫的小說及非小說作品，並與其他探討人類與動物關係的論述作跨學科的閱讀和詮釋，包括生態現象學及後人類主義、生態心理學中關於療癒的探討，以及野化作為一種保育方法。這些看似不同的範疇其實並非互不相干，它們均能展現人獸共存的不同面向，在本計劃所挑選的自然書寫作品中呈現「親生命美學」。另外，透過研究目的及方法，本計劃亦希望回應威爾森所提出的「知識融通」，嘗試跨越科學與人文的藩籬。

Based on recent developments in animal research, biocriticism, and environmental literature, the project focuses on "animal issues" in contemporary critiques and on the theory of the interdependence between humans and animals as a framework for theory. As an element of the Earth's living system, humans are not as superior as other creatures, because all life forms of knowledge of the nature of the nature of the nature, and humans and other beings have an indistinguishable relationship to the nature of the culture. The idea of the nature and culture of nature is supported by the concept of the theory of the nature and the interdependence of the human and animal.

本計劃有以下四項目標：（一）探討當代小說及非小說環境文學中呈現的具身化及多物種糾纏，並以此為基礎，討論這些作品如何通過展演性語言表現人獸共存的「親生命美學」；（二）研究當代小說及非小說環境文學所描繪的人獸共存與生態心理學中自然療癒之間的關係，以用來闡釋「親生命美學」的情感面向，包括人類對大自然的心靈回歸及相互依存；（三）探索自然書寫如何呈現野化這種保育方法，討論以野化為題材的自然書寫的生態意義，野化及野化的故事皆可以視為人類參與大自然創造力的展演性行動；（四）透過學術及文學討論，向大眾推廣閱讀與動物有關的環境文學，以期提高大眾對親生命的意識及建立生態文化身份的認同。

The Plan has the following four objectives: (i) to explore the physicalization and multi-material disturbance of contemporary novels and non-fiction environmental literatures, on the basis of which they are based, and to discuss how these works can express the "living beauty" of human beings living together through the display of sexual language; (ii) to study the relationship between human animal coexistence and natural healing in biopsychology, as illustrated by contemporary novels and non-native environmental literature, in order to explain the emotional orientation of "the aesthetics of life" to include the return and interdependence of humans to nature; (iii) to explore how natural writing can present the conservation method of wildness, and to discuss the significance of natural writings on the topic of wildness, which can be seen as an exemplifying act of human participation in nature's creativity; and (iv) to promote to the general public an understanding of life and the creation of an identity in life culture, through both academic and literary discourses.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/P04/22
項目名稱：多觀測點多維時間序列的混合成份分析
首席研究員：吳自添博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/P04/22
entry name: mixed composition analysis of multi-view point multi-dimensional time series
Principal researcher: Dr. Oh (Hong Da)

摘要

Summary

在大數據時代，數據往往是從多個時間，多個地點收集來的。例如，空氣污染數據可能包含5年內每小時收集的，關於1000個城市的15個指標值。經濟、環境保護和農業領域的政策制定者有興趣從中確認出一些源頭地區，代表少數幾種能廣泛影響所有地區的隱藏因素。這些隱藏因素的影響力隨時間消長，分析其變化過程可以得出一些對業界和學術界都有幫助的指標。

For example, air pollution data may contain 15 metrics per hour over five years, covering 1,000 cities. Policymakers in the economy, environmental protection, and agriculture fields are interested in identifying some of the source areas, representing a few of the hidden factors that can affect all regions widely. The impact of these hidden factors is long, and an analysis of their evolution can lead to indicators that help industry and the academic community.

隱藏因素一般難以直接觀測。本研究的目的是發明新的統計模型和方法，從多站點多元時間序列數據中提取出關於這些隱藏因素的信息。為解決這個問題，我們引入混合分析和潛藏狄立克萊分佈。過去，一直有研究者在群體遺傳學和文本挖掘的研究中採用了這些方法。本研究首次將這些想法應用到多站點多元時間序列分析。我們在新模型中使用混合成分的意念來描述所謂的隱藏因素。有了額外的時間成分，我們可以進一步推斷隱藏因素出現和消失的時間。這是不能直接運用現有的時間序列類聚方法和因子分析方法來解決的。

The objective of this study is to develop new statistical models and methods to extract information on these hidden factors from multiple site multi-time series data. To solve this problem, we have introduced a mix of analyses and potential diocles. In the past, researchers have been using these methods in community genetic and text- excavating studies. For the first time, the study has applied these ideas to multiple sites for multiple time series analysis. We use the idea of mixed components in the new model to describe so-called hidden factors. With extra time components, we can further decipher the time when hidden factors appear and disappear.

目標有兩個。第一，開發一些計算方法和計算機軟件，運用所提出的模型作估計和分析。計算結果將以分級著色圖表達。第二，建立新的統計理論來解釋隱藏因素數目的增減，及其統計特性隨著位置、時間的變化。

The objective is two. First, to develop a number of calculation methods and computer software, using the models presented for estimation and analysis. The results will be presented in a sorted colour map. Second, to create a new statistical theory to explain the increase or decrease in the number of hidden factors and their statistical properties with the changes in location and time.

有關研究成果在將來能被廣泛應用到不同的重要領域。通過遙感技術採集的海量地理數據有助於構建生態保護信息系統，以便專家監測生態系統危害因素的變化。所提出的方法也可以應用於超市連鎖店的營銷策略設計，分析來自不同分店的銷售時間序列數據。

Research results will be widely applied to different important domains in the future. Large-scale geometric data collected through remote sensing technology will help to construct a living protection information system that allows specialists to monitor changes in hazard factors in the ecosystem.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/H08/22
項目名稱：遊戲化或虛擬實境或兩者兼容？研究推動持續性環保行為的先決條件
首席研究員：吳美蘭博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/H08/22
entry name: gamesization or virtual reality or compatibility between the two?

摘要

Summary

由於2019新型冠狀病毒大流行，全球世界各地的外賣包裝產生了大量的一次性塑膠垃圾，加劇了全球暖化。先前的研究表明，人類行為是導致全球暖化和環境惡化的主要原因。為了有目的地減少對環境的危害，履行環境保護行為至關重要。環境保護行為是一種自願行為，一直受到環境和社會的關注。環境保護行為甚至關乎到小而日常的可持續行為，因此，培養環境保護行為對實現一個更可持續的未來世界是關鍵所在。到目前為止，關於什麼構成人們參與自願環境保護行為的研究較少，尤其是在青少年方面。先前的研究探討了感知價值作為人對某一特定行為的持續意向為關鍵驅動因素的重要性。因此，本研究試圖了解青少年的感知價值如何影響進行環境保護行為的意向。此外，本研究着力解決提高青少年感知價值的「工具或方法」，以預測他們對環境保護行為的意向和持續意向。

As a result of the 2019 new coronary virus pandemic, environmental protection has been a matter of self-serving concern for the environment and society. Environmental protection practices are even minor and routine, and therefore conservation practices are key to achieving a more sustainable future for young people. To date, research on what constitutes participation in environmental protection is less important, especially for young people.

隨着創新科技的發展，沉浸式技術和虛擬實景已經變得非常流行，並為公眾所接受。此外，新興的遊戲化（即為遊戲化的應用程式）鼓勵個人，特別是青少年參與一種行為，例如網上購物行為，學習行為和親社會行為。目前研究表明，使用沉浸式技術和遊戲化將正向預測個人對某一種行為的意向。

With the development of new technologies, immersion techniques and virtual landscapes have become popular and accepted by the public. Moreover, new games (i.e., games-based applications) encourage individuals, especially young people, to engage in an act, such as online shopping, learning to act and pro-social behavior.

按照這一思路，本研究旨在通過三個實驗研究來考察青少年的感知價值和環境保護行為意向之間的關係，從而填補研究缺口。研究一會探討遊戲化是否影響到環境保護行為的感知重要性和環境保護行為的意向。研究二探討青少年對執行環境保護行為的感知價值，信念和規範與沉浸式虛擬實景互相影響之間的關係。研究三採用縱向方法（T1和T2） 探討遊戲化和虛擬實景對 （1） 青少年對環境保護行為的意向 （2） 習慣和 （3） 環境保護行為的持續意向。

Along these lines, the study aims to examine, through three experimental studies, the relationship between the perceived value of young people and the intent to protect the environment, and to fill the research gap. A study will examine whether gameization affects the perceived importance of environmental protection and the intent to protect the environment.

本研究結果將對理論和實踐作出貢獻。第一，研究結果將通過考察遊戲化和沉浸式技術在吸引青少年環境保護行為方面的應用，為環境保護行為主義和可持續性文獻作出貢獻。第二，本研究有助於政府及其相關機構識別環境保護行為的重要，反過來說，政策制定者可以設計更好的市場策略來促進綠色，環境保護和可持續行為。最後，本研究結果有助於學校設計適當的遊戲和活動，以鼓勵青少年持續進行環境保護行為的意向和青少年進行環保行為。

The study will contribute to theory and practice. First, it will contribute to environmental protectionism and sustainability by examining the applications of gamesification and leaching techniques to attract young people to environmental protection practices. Second, it will help governments and their related institutions to recognize environmental protection as important. Instead, policymakers can design better market strategies to promote greenness, environmental protection and sustainability. Finally, it will help schools to design appropriate games and activities that encourage young people to continue environmental protection and environmental conservation.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/P05/22
項目名稱：自迴歸時間序列多變點檢測的廣義信念推斷與模型選擇
首席研究員：吳偉亮博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/P05/22
entry name: Wide belief reasoning and model selection for self-recycling time series multi-point testing
Principal Researcher: Dr. Oh Wei Liang (Sung)

摘要

Summary

近幾十年來，時間序列中的變點分析在金融計量經濟學、遺傳學、環境研究、天文學和工程學等各個科學領域受到了廣泛關注。它允許研究人員將非平穩時間序列分割成幾個近似平穩的分段，然後這些分段可以使用平穩模型來進行分析。在現有的變點分析文獻中，許多研究通常會以頻率學派推斷方法來處理變點檢測，其中變點估計的漸近特性依賴於雙面隨機遊走的行為。另一種流行的方法是貝葉斯學派推斷方法，其中變點的位置遵循先驗分佈。在本提案中，主要目標是在廣義信念推斷的框架內開發一種新的統計推斷方法，用於結構斷裂自回歸時間序列中的多個變點檢測，其中未知變點也被視為模型參數來推斷，與經典的貝葉斯統計推斷不同，廣義信念推斷定義了關於參數空間子集的推斷上有意義的概率陳述，而不需要主觀先驗分佈信息。由此產生的廣義信念類型置信區間集通常在模擬實驗中顯示為具有非常理想的特性，例如與其他競爭程序相比，廣義信念類型置信區間具有更短預期長度以及保守等特性。

During the last decades, point analysis in the time series has received wide attention in various scientific domains, such as financial economy, genetics, environmental studies, astronomy, and engineering. It allows researchers to divide the non-stable time series into near-stable segments, which can then be analysed using smooth models. In the present variable analysis, many studies have typically dealt with change point analysis using frequency-based methods, in which the prognostic properties of the change estimates are dependent on the movement of both sides of the equation. Another popular approach is that of the Beyets, where the point of change is based on pre-testing.

當我們將分段平穩的自回歸時間序列模型轉換為特定的線性形式時，檢測可能變點位置的問題可以轉化為識別回歸係數向量的非零項，從而進行多個變點檢測可以被視為模型選擇問題。具有不同非零係數條目的模型對應具有不同變點的模型，並評估每個模型的廣義信念概率以選擇最可能的變點。此外，可以為每個變點構建一個廣義信念類型置信區間集。我們將開發和實現一個改進的組 LASSO，以解決由於巨大的參數空間而導致的計算複雜性問題。以及將研究和建立所提出方法在一般條件下的漸近特性。最後將進行廣泛的模擬結果和真實數據示例以說明其有限樣本時的表現。

When we convert the stable self-return time series model into a specific linear form, the question of the location of a possible variable can be turned into a non-zero-sum identification of a variable, from which multiple variants can be seen as a model selection problem. Models with different non-zero-factor objectives correspond to models with different variations, and evaluate the broad-based belief probability of each model to select the most likely change. In addition, a broad-based belief-type inter-centre for each variable can be constructed. We will develop and implement a modified set of LASSOs to address the complex computational problems caused by huge parameters.

在本提案中，我們計劃如下進行。

In this proposal, we plan to proceed as follows.

1.（應用廣義信念模型選擇方法進行多變點估計）將開發一種用於檢測結構斷裂自回歸時間序列模型中的多個變點的廣義信念模型選擇方法。為每個可能的變點模型評估廣義信念概率，以選擇最可能的變點，以及開發為每個變點構建廣義信念類型置信區間集的方法。

1. (A broad belief model selection method for multi-point estimations) will develop a broad-based belief model selection method that will be used to detect multiple variables in a time-series model from which the structure breaks from the time-sequence model. Each possible variable model will be evaluated for the probability of broad-based belief, with a view to selecting the most likely variation, as well as the development of a broad-based belief-based trust-space set for each variable.

2.（用於高效計算的改進組 LASSO 方法）將針對結構斷裂自回歸時間序列模型開發特定變換線性形式的改進組 LASSO。改進的組 LASSO 方法的目的是在執行廣義信念模型選擇之前選擇一組潛在的變點，這可以大大減少由於大量可能的變點模型而導致的計算負擔。

The objective of the modified LASSO method is to select a group of potential variables prior to the implementation of the broad-based belief model selection, which can significantly reduce the calculation burden caused by the large number of possible variable models.

3.（變點估計的漸近理論和廣義信念型置信區間集） 研究廣義信念模型選擇的多個變點估計的漸近行為。廣義信念類型置信區間集的頻率論意義上的漸近精確性也將在一般條件下進行研究。

3. (A collection of incremental theories and broad-based belief-based confidence-sharing areas estimated) Research on the proximate behavior of multiple variations in the selection of broad-based belief models.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/H15/22
項目名稱：香港長者的跨國養老與家庭生活經驗
首席研究員：顏樂燊博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/H15/22
entry name: Hong Kong elders' experience of inter-country ageing and family life
Principal Researcher: Dr. Ballet (Singer)

摘要

Summary

隨著香港的人口老化、跨境移動的人流增加、退休生活的延長，跨國養老的議題實在不容忽視。自上世紀九十年代開始，已有研究探討移民的現象，尤其是97回歸前香港人移民西方國家的情況。雖然這些研究清楚指出移民的決定和個人生命階段有密切關係，但是卻很少討論提及移居西方的港人其後的移民歷程，特別是他們年邁後在不同地方/國家的生活經驗。其實，不論學者或政策制定者，似乎都忽略了早期移民的跨國養老經驗。除了因為這群移民近年才進入「長者」的階段，也因為他們有相對優渥的社會條件，和大眾對老人們有「不良於行、不再走動」的想像。但是，正因為這些移民港人大多有海外的人脈關係、相對富庶的生活和出入境的自由，所以即使在年老時，不少人仍有跨國生活的經驗。

Since the 1990s, studies have been carried out to examine the migration situation, particularly the return of former Hong Kong residents to Western countries. While these studies have clearly pointed out that immigration decisions are closely related to individual life horizons, there is little discussion of the post-immigration migration history of immigrants from the West, especially their experiences in different places/countrys after they have passed away. Indeed, whether academics or policymakers seem to have ignored the experience of early migration in terms of inter-national ageing.

事實上，過去的研究很少將養老和移民放在一起討論。研究跨國家庭生活的學者，很多時只會聚焦年青或中年的移民，探討他們在離港後，如何和家人朋友保持聯繫。研究老人學或養老政策的學者，又往往設定了長者行動不便，只會在固定的地方養老。

In fact, research in the past rarely brings together ageing and immigrants. Researchers in family life across the country often focus only on young or middle-aged immigrants, and explore how they can communicate with their families and friends after leaving Hong Kong.

這研究的目的正是要突破這些盲點，探討養老和移民的關係，及其對長者和社會的影響。我們的研究對象主要是六十歲以上，香港出世，但已移居外地或已回流的長者的跨國養老的經驗。我們研究的主要命題是：有跨國居住經驗的長者，他們的晚年生活是否不囿於一個國境？他們又會如何安排和適應養老生活？透過質性研究方法，我們將深入了解這些長者對居住地的考慮；當家人散居不同國家時，他們會如何建立照顧的網絡；他們又會如何盡用不同社會提供的醫療服務。

The aim of the study is precisely to break through these blind spots, to explore the relationship between ageing and immigrants, and its impact on elders and society. Our study is mainly about the experience of people over 60 years of age, who are born in Hong Kong, but who have emigrated or have returned. The main theme of our study is: are seniors with experience of living across borders whose later years are not confined to a country? How will they organize and adapt to old age? Through qualitative research methods, we will learn more about how these elders consider their place of residence; how they build networks of care when their families are dispersed in different countries; and how they use the medical services offered by different societies.

透過搜集在港和移居海外的長者的養老經驗，我們期望這種新視覺能豐富華人跨國家庭的認識。我們也期望研究的結果能有助大眾和政府更了解現時香港的家庭制度、勞動市場、老人政策和醫療服務的強弱，從而制定更有效的老人服務。

We expect this new vision to be rich in understanding across Chinese families through the collection of parenting experiences of Hong Kong-based and expatriate elders. We also expect that the results of the study will help the public and the government to gain a better understanding of the current Hong Kong family system, the labour market, policies for the elderly and health-care services, and to develop more effective services for the elderly.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS11/E05/22
項目名稱：用於小圖及非完整小圖的超分辨率深度學習
首席研究員：蕭允治教授（明愛）

entry number: UGC/FDS11/E05/22
entry name: Hyperresolution depth learning for small and incomplete maps
Principal Researcher: Professor Xiao Yunji (Mingy)

摘要

Summary

如今，低分辨率圖像給我們的印象是過時、低科技、風格拙劣、且具有不確定性的。在圖像被用於廣告、監控、醫療診斷以及目標識別時圖像低分辨率這一問題會尤其明顯。低質量的人臉圖像甚至可能會降低一個人的美感和信心。為了緩解這一問題，我們可以通過超分辨率技術將這些圖像的分辨率變得更高。圖像超分辨率（SR）通常是指通過上採樣、去模糊、去噪聲來提高單幅低分辨率（LR）圖像的分辨率，從而生成高分辨率（HR）圖像應具有圖像的自然特征，例如清晰的邊緣線和豐富的紋理。這項研究是關於小圖像，甚至是不完整圖像的大倍率人臉超分辨率的研究。在這項工作中，不完整圖像指的是圖像太小，以至模糊不清，部分細節可能丟失。這是一個非常困難的不適定問題，比如在 16 倍超分辨率甚至更高倍數的情況下，必須從非常有限的信息中推斷出大量的未知像素。

Now, low-resolution images give us the impression that they are outdated, low-tech, poor-sound, and uncertain. The problem is particularly evident when images are used for advertising, surveillance, medical diagnostics, and low-resolution targeting. Low-quality human faces may even reduce a person’s sense of beauty and confidence. To ease this problem, we can use ultra-resolution technology to make them more resolution. In this exercise, incomplete images are usually used to raise the resolution of low-resolution (LR) images by ups and downs and downs and noises, and to produce high-resolution (HR) images with the natural characteristics of images, such as a clear edge line and a very large print.

我們提出研究大倍率人臉超分辨率方法，不僅因為我們在人臉識別和常規的人臉超分辨率方面有豐富的經驗，而且將人臉放大並提升到優良的質量是一個廣泛的需求，讓觀看者能夠更容易的欣賞優良質量的效果。我們強調，我們的研究結果對許多實際應用都有幫助，例如在線教學︴視頻會議、遠程醫療診斷、遠程操作監控、計算攝影、視頻監視、多媒體娛樂和元宇宙異常有用的。事實上，這些技術還可以被進一步推廣（不僅限於人臉），應用於醫學成像、低成本電子顯微鏡的開發等。

We propose a multi-face super-resolution approach, not only because we have extensive experience in human face recognition and regular face over-resolution, but also because it is a broad need to magnify and elevate the human face to a good quality that makes it easier for viewers to appreciate the good quality. We stress that our research results are useful for many practical applications, such as online teaching_video conferences, remote medical diagnostics, remote operation surveillance, computational photography, video monitoring, multi-media entertainment, and meta-cosm anomalies.

我們在數字信號處理，圖像和視頻技術、模式識別、機器學習和深度學習方面有很強的科研背景，因此特別適合這項研究。我們開始提出一種創新且有效的深度學習結構和反投影框架並應用於人臉圖像的超分辨率任務。深度學習中的一些新技術，包括隱空間邊緣信息提取，反投影策略，針對 StyleGAN 生成高分辨率人臉圖像的恰當安排，用於全局結構信息提取的注意力機制等，將會被用於我們創新算法的安排與設計。以下是本研究的一些要點。

We have a strong scientific background in digital signal processing, image and video technology, mode recognition, machine learning and in-depth learning, and are therefore particularly suitable for this research. We have started to propose a new and effective in-depth learning architecture and anti-projecting framework that should be applied to human face images. Some of the new techniques in in-depth learning, including information extraction from hidden spaces, anti-projecting strategies, appropriate arrangements for making high-resolution human face imagery from StyleGan, and a focus system for global structure information extraction, will be used to structure and design new algorithms. The following are some of the highlights of this study.

（i） 首先，我們的研究是將 64x64 的人臉圖像用超分辨率成為 1024x1024 的圖像。

(i) First of all, our research is to make the 64x64 human face image super-resolution image 1024x1024.

（ii） 邊緣質量對圖像很重要，因此我們在從原始的 LR 圖像中提取的邊緣圖像的協助下，構建了隱向量的結構。

(ii) The edge mass is important for the image, so we construct the structure of the hidden vector with the help of the edge image extracted from the original LR image.

（iii） 預訓練的 StyleGAN 能夠生成清晰的圖像。在邊緣圖像的指導下，其被用來生成高分辨的圖像。

(iii) The pre-trained StyleGan can generate a clear image. Under the direction of the edge image, it is used to generate high-resolution images.

（iv） 我們為深度學習網絡的整體結構設計了一套新的反投影策略。

(iv) We have designed a new counter-profiling strategy for the whole structure of the in-depth learning network.

（v） 我們初步的測試驗證了上述方法與安排的有效性，與傳統方法相比更具有吸引力。

(v) Our initial tests have proved the effectiveness of the above-mentioned methods and arrangements and are more attractive than traditional methods.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS11/H09/22
項目名稱：慢性腎病患者健康識能之探討性研究
首席研究員：史學禮教授（明愛）

entry number: UGC/FDS11/H09/22
entry name: exploratory study of health awareness of chronic kidney patients
Principal researcher: Professor of History (By the Love)

摘要

Summary

健康適能不僅關乎閱讀健康相關信息或主動去醫院或診所求醫的能力，對於慢性病患者來說，如慢性腎病患者，健康適能是一種與知識水平相關的個人屬性。有助於患者預防產生健康相關問題及保護健康。2022 年的世界腎臟日的重點是「增強腎臟照顧，填補認知不足」，強調醫療衛生資訊及健康適能在慢性腎病中的重要性。

Health suitability is not only about the ability to read health-related information or to go to hospitals or clinics, but for chronic patients, such as chronic kidney patients, health suitability is a personal attribute related to the level of knowledge. It helps to prevent health-related problems and to protect health. The focus of World Renal Day, 2022, is on "enhanced kidney care, inadequate recognition" and on the importance of health information and health-care adaptation in chronic kidney disease.

隨著糖尿病、高血壓和肥胖的患病率增加，加上人口老化，慢性腎病在世界各地亦變得越來越普遍。如果不及時治療，慢性腎病很可能會發展成末期腎病而增加死亡風險。從根本上說，慢性腎病患者需要有能力去理解、運用及維持醫療建議來進行自我健康管理。因此，健康適能在弱勢社群中，例如是免疫功能較弱的慢性腎病患者，具有非常重要意義。依照目前估計，超過四分之一的慢性腎病患者健康適能較低，而在香港的慢性腎病患者健康適能仍然有待探討。隨著自我管理活動在慢性腎病管理中角色的增強，在健康適能層面上，患者需要有良好的自我效能感才能獲取、理解及應用相關健康資訊。健康適能水平不足會增加產生低健康成果和低治療依從性的風險。此外，病情控制不佳、心血管疾病風險增加、錯過治療預約及住院率提高都與健康適能水平較低有關。再者，2019 冠狀病毒病的環境亦為慢性腎病患者帶來很大的挑戰。

Without timely treatment, chronic kidney disease is likely to increase the risk of death. Fundamentally, chronic kidney patients need to be able to understand, use, and maintain medical advice for self-health management. Health is of great importance in vulnerable communities, such as chronic kidney patients with weak immune capabilities.

面對這些臨床挑戰，建立健康適能為本的的溝通形式以及教育資訊包才能夠有效提升疾病管理成效，以減緩慢性疾病惡化。

In the face of these bedside challenges, the creation of healthy forms of communication and educational information packages can be effective in improving the effectiveness of disease management in order to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases.

如果慢性腎病患者對信息需求有較佳的了解，以及擁有較高水平的健康適能，患者的自我管理疾病的能力亦隨之而有所提升，減緩其慢性病惡化。儘管已有研究提出健康適能對長期病患者的影響，香港仍然缺乏這方面的研究數據。

If people with chronic kidney problems have a better understanding of information needs and have a higher level of health suitability, the patient’s ability to manage the disease on his or her own will improve and reduce the deterioration of his or her chronic disease. Although studies have been made to suggest the impact of health suitability on long-term patients, there is still a lack of data in Hong Kong.

在這三階段研究，我們旨在解決上述問題。首先，研究團隊會邀請腎病互助小組的慢性腎病患者參與問卷調查，通過定量分析去了解研究參與者的 2019 冠狀病毒病相關健康適能和自我效能感，以帶出健康適能的重要性。然後，從定性的角度，透過焦點小組深入了解慢性腎病患者對於獲取及應用健康資訊時的優次考慮及需求，從而探討患者於理解及應用健康資訊過程中的障礙。硏究團隊會根據在第二階段研究的結果，在第三階段為慢性腎病患者建立量身定制的線上健康適能資訊包。

First, the research team will involve chronic kidney patients from the kidney solidarity group in the survey, using quantitative analysis to understand the importance of the research participants’ 2019 coronary viral disease associated with health suitability and self-effectiveness, in order to bring about health suitability. Then, from a qualitative point of view, through a focused group, it will gain insight into the priorities and needs of chronic kidney patients in accessing and applying health information, and from the point of view, it will explore the barriers to understanding and applying health information.

研究團隊希望能夠填補現時的知識缺口，減少潛在的護理不平等，並對香港及其他地區的慢性腎病患者的健康產生正面的影響。總括而言，提高慢性腎病患者的健康適能水平可能有助於減緩疾病惡化，令患者更有效的提昇自我效能感及自我管理，從而達至最佳的成果。

The research team hopes to fill the current knowledge gap, reduce potential inequalities in care, and have a positive impact on the health of people with chronic kidney problems in Hong Kong and elsewhere. Overall, improving the health suitability of people with chronic kidneys may help to reduce the disease, making patients more effective in their sense of self-efficiency and self-management, from being able to achieve the best results.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/H03/22
項目名稱：消失的媒體 永恆的史料--香港舊報中的商業新聞歷史、特徵與社會影響
首席研究員：宋昭勛博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/H03/22
entry name: Disappeared media Permanent history - Business history, features and social influence in the old Hong Kong newspaper
Principal Researcher: Dr. Song Chiong (Sung Da)

摘要

Summary

香港商業新聞傳播歷史悠久，1857年創刊的《香港船頭貨價紙》被公認為中國第一份中文商業新聞報紙，在中國新聞傳播史上亦佔據著重要地位。然而，與蓬勃發展的香港新聞業相比較，香港商業傳播歷史的研究、商業新聞的學理研究相當匱乏。更為遺憾的是，在香港160餘年的商業新聞傳播歷史過程中，很多報刊早已停刊，現存的早期報刊資料也缺失嚴重。

Hong Kong Business News has a long history, and Hong Kong Shiphead Price Paper, which was launched in 1857, has been recognized as China’s first Chinese-language news newspaper, which also holds an important place in China’s news broadcasting history. However, compared to the booming Hong Kong News, Hong Kong Business History Research and Business Journalism Studies are scarce.

本研究專案旨在對已經停刊的香港中文報紙中的商業新聞進行史料分析，讓讀者了解香港商業新聞發展的軌跡，領略不同時期商業新聞的寫作與報導特點和演進過程，同時還將對資深傳媒人、歷史學家和新聞學者進行深度訪談，從新聞角度和歷史的角度探討商業新聞對香港社會的影響。其研究成果既是香港報業歷史的重要文獻，更是香港社會經濟發展的珍貴材料，具有重要的史學價值。

The aim of this research project is to provide an historical analysis of the business news in the Chinese-language Hong Kong newspaper that has been closed down, to inform readers of the history of business news development in Hong Kong, to draw attention to the special features and evolution of the writing and coverage of business news at different times, and to conduct in-depth interviews with intellectual media, historians and journalists, and to explore the impact of business news on Hong Kong’s society from a news and historical point of view. Its findings are important contributions to Hong Kong’s history and, more importantly, to Hong Kong’s economic and social development.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS16/E05/22
項目名稱：開發牡蠣殼廢料聚合物改性綠色混凝土以提升機械性能及環境效益
首席研究員：鄧慧芬博士（都大）

entry number: UGC/FDS16/E05/22
entry name: Development of a green concrete modification for oyster shell waste polymers to enhance mechanical and environmental performance
Principal Researcher: Dr. D.D.

摘要

Summary

由於大型建築、高速公路、橋樑、水壩和海洋工程建設被廣泛使用，全球的混凝土使用量急劇擴大。在水泥生產過程中，會產生大量的溫室氣體。對天然碎石的過度疏浚、提取和加工已經破壞了當地的生態系統並損害了環境。傳統的混凝土生產對環境有不利的影響。這引發了對更可持續的混凝土生產的推動，以減少溫室氣體排放。一些研究人員試圖尋找替代材料來替代混凝土中的傳統材料。最經濟和可持續的方法是使用廢物基材料替代水泥。

As a result of the widespread use of large-scale buildings, highways, bridges, dams and marine engineering, the use of concrete has increased dramatically worldwide. In the process of cement production, a large number of greenhouse gases are generated. Over-drying, extraction and processing of natural rubble has destroyed local ecosystems and damaged the environment. Traditional concrete production has had a negative impact on the environment. This has led to a more sustainable push for concrete production to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Some researchers have tried to find alternative materials to traditional materials in concrete.

據報導，回收的牡蠣殼廢料已被用於多個行業，包括漁業、農業和多個國家的牡蠣礁建設。儘管牡蠣殼廢料可以以多種方式回收和使用，但大部分牡蠣殼廢料最終仍被填埋。因此，研究團隊將研究如何重新利用牡蠣殼來製造增值的綠色混凝土。

It has been reported that recycled oyster waste has been used in a number of industries, including fishing, agriculture, and various countries’ oyster reefs. Although oyster waste can be recycled and used in many ways, most of it is still buried.

一些研究人員已經對使用貝殼廢料代替混凝土中的碎石進行了研究。然而，沒有關於利用牡蠣殼廢料替代水泥和改善基礎設施混凝土性能的研究。值得注意的是，該研究項目中還有兩個挑戰。首先，沒有標準化的牡蠣殼廢料、碎石、水泥和聚合物樹脂的成分和重量百分比來提供最佳的混凝土強度增強。其次，沒有完整的供應鏈，從牡蠣殼廢物的收集和預處理開始，到使用再利用的牡蠣殼改造混凝土。在這方面，研究項目團隊將調查這項新的創新研究，以提供可持續的建築材料。

Some researchers have already studied the use of shell waste as a substitute for gravel in concrete. However, no studies have been conducted on the use of oyster waste as an alternative to cement and on improving the concrete performance of infrastructure. It is worth noting that there are two challenges in the study. First, there is no standardised composition and weight percentages of mussel waste, rubble, cement, and polymer resin to provide the best concrete intensity. Second, there is no complete supply chain, starting with the collection and pre-treatment of mussel waste, and using reused mussels to transform concrete. In this regard, the research team will investigate this new innovation to provide sustainable building materials.

在這個項目中，牡蠣殼廢料（顆粒或粉末形式）將用於與聚合物基粘合劑混合，以替代傳統的膠凝材料，開發綠色混凝土，一條綜合供應鏈，從收集牡蠣殼和預處理到將探索使用可重複使用的牡蠣殼製造基於廢物的混凝土，以確定牡蠣殼廢物、碎石、水泥和樹脂的最佳混合設計，以獲得具有成本效益的可持續建築材料替代品。牡蠣殼廢料豐富，無需任何費用（一些費用僅用於收集貝殼）。通過最好地利用這些廢物可以幫助世界解決許多關鍵問題，例如來自水泥生產過程的大量二氧化碳。

In this project, oyster shell waste (in the form of particles or powder) will be used to mix it with polymer-based glue to replace traditional condensable materials, develop green concrete, develop a combined supply chain, from the collection of oyster shell and pre-dispose to the concrete that will explore the use of reusable oyster shell to produce waste-based materials to determine the best mix of oyster waste, gravel, cement and resin to obtain cost-effective alternatives to sustainable building materials. The mussel waste is rich and cost-free (some costs will be used only to collect shell). The best use of this waste can help the world solve many key problems, such as the large amount of carbon dioxide from cement production processes.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS16/H06/22
項目名稱：香港大專生辨認社交媒體假新聞能力之研究
首席研究員：鄧高瑋博士（都大）

entry number: UGC/FDS16/H06/22
entry name: Hong Kong College of Professionals Study on Recognition of Social Media Fake Press Capacity
Principal Researcher: Dr. Deng Gould (Major)

摘要

Summary

近幾年，香港出現了大量假新聞，而社交媒體卻加速了假新聞的散播。假新聞包含了不少虛假和誤導資訊，而這些在社交媒體發放的虛假資訊卻會影響金融市場及疫情應對策略，更嚴重的會增加社區恐怖襲擊的風險。

In recent years, there have been a lot of false news in Hong Kong, while social media has accelerated the spread of false news.

不論是對大專生、中學生還是小學生，學生如何應對假新聞是現今一個非常重要的議題，但在教育上卻較少提到這一點。事實上，我們現在沒有一套能測量學生辨別假新聞能力的工具，而這對各教育持份者來說是一個相當重要的工具。本研究嘗試去回應這個問題。

How students respond to false news is a very important issue today, whether for college, secondary or junior students, but less in education. In fact, we do not have a tool to measure students’ ability to distinguish false news, which is a very important tool for educational stakeholders. The study tries to respond to this question.

本研究旨在發展一套能測量大專生辨別假新聞能力的工具。本研究的量度工具會參考假新聞的特性（即內容、版面設計及動機）及兩個最新的資訊素養框架（香港學生資訊素養學習架構及大學與研究圖書館學會之高等教育資訊素養能力標準）來設計。研究會採用混合模式的方法來回應研究問題。首先，研究者會先進行質化研究，研究會利用辨別假新聞的工作及進行訪談以深入了解大專生對假新聞的態度及應對假新聞的能力。基於質性研究的結果及資訊素養理論，本研究會發展一套包含問卷和測驗題的量化工具以量度學生對辨認假新聞的自我認知及實際能力。

This study is designed to develop a tool to measure the ability of students to identify false news. The measurement tool of the study will look at the characteristics of fake news (i.e. content, layout and dynamics) and the two most recent information literacy frameworks (the Hong Kong Student Information and Nutrition Framework and the University and Research Library Institute Standards for Higher Education Information and Nutrition). The study will use a mix of models to respond to research problems.

本研究期望不只是提供辨認假新聞工具給大眾使用，同時也希望能就假新聞及資訊素養這兩個研究範疇提供更多的研究理論給其他研究者作為參考。

It is hoped that this study will not only provide a means of identifying false news for use by the general public, but also provide more research theories for other researchers on the two models of false news and information.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS25/E04/22
項目名稱：具有協同效應的雙原子催化劑及其高效和穩定催化產氫的研究
首席研究員：曾志榮博士（高科院）

entry number: UGC/FDS25/E04/22
entry name: Co-operative biatomic catalytic agent and its efficient and stable catalytic hydrogen researcher
Principal Researcher: Dr. Tsang Chi Yung (Hong Academy)

摘要

Summary

化石燃料的大量使用導致的氣候變化是當今社會面臨的最具挑戰性的環境問題之一。氫能作為一種清潔能源載體，可以從水等可再生資源中提取，可以實現碳中和的目標，並為環境問題提供解決方案。一個社會如果要實現氫能經濟，必須要先解決幾個技術瓶頸問題，即生產、運輸和儲存，其中最後一項儲存技術仍然是阻礙氫能在汽車應用中廣泛使用的障礙。目前商用氫燃料電池動力汽車使用壓縮氫氣罐、低溫氫氣罐、液化氫罐或金屬氫化物罐，存在壓縮、液化和吸附/解吸過程需要額外附加能量等問題。使用水電解和光催化水分解的車載氫氣生產是另一種按需使用氫氣的選擇，然而，這些過程通常是能源密集型和緩慢的，這對於商業用汽車運行並不實際。顯然，在香港應該推廣一個更安全、能耗更低的使用氫氣作為能源的選擇。使用具有高質量能量密度的安全和儲氫材料，如氨硼烷 （AB） 和甲酸 （FA） 可能是解決此問題的方法之一。這些材料通常非常穩定，僅在特定的催化條件下才會釋放氫氣。目前，開發高效、耐用、低成本的儲氫材料催化製氫金屬催化劑對於解決汽車設備中安全氫能輸送的瓶頸至關重要。迄今為止，從氨硼烷等儲氫材料中釋放所有儲氫的最佳記錄是負載在 g-C₃N₄ 碳材料上的 Rh 納米顆粒催化劑，在 25°C 時的周轉頻率為 969 mol_H2 mol_Rh^-1 min^-1.然而，由於成本高、活性低、穩定性低等技術挑戰，它們距離商業化還很遠。非貴金屬催化劑如 Co、Fe、Ni 和 Cu 的成本要低得多，但它們通常表現出低耐久性 （5 次運行後反應性下降到 60%） 和反應速度緩慢。由於較大的表面自由能，金屬納米顆粒傾向於聚集形成較大的顆粒，從而進一步降低耐久性。此外，納米粒子通常具有較低的原子利用率，因此導致反應速率緩慢。值得注意的是，我們最近的初步研究表明，非貴金屬催化劑如 Co，當它們被縮小到原子尺度到單原子時，在 40°C 時可以達到 mol_H2 mol_Co^-1 min^-1，而 CoCu 雙原子催化劑在更低的溫度（25°C）下可以達到 34.7 mol_H2 mol_CoCu^-1 min^-1，具有更好的耐久性，其速率更可與一些貴金屬催化劑相媲美。提高了的速率的原因可能是這些具有原子分散活性位點的催化劑的原子利用率更高。然而，精確合成雙原子催化劑的方法和探究協同效應的相關機制仍然是一個相對未開發的領域。在本項目中，我們旨在1）利用開發一種新型熱解方法，合成具有原子分散活性位點的雙原子錨定單原子催化劑（DASACs）；2）設計獨特的配位環境以研發穩定耐用的雙原子催化劑，並可有效防止金屬原子團聚；3）在催化性能和物理化學性質之間建立結構-活性關係；4）通過使用先進的表徵技術明確確定雙原子活性位點的性質和環境，例如利用高角度環形暗場掃描透射電子顯微鏡（HAADF-STEM）和同步輻射（SR）技術。更重要的是，我們將使用密度泛函理論模型 （DFT） 闡明密閉空間中相鄰原子對的協同效應機制。本項目將有助於更好地了解儲氫材料的氫釋放機理、協同效應，進而為合理設計高效、高性能的產氫催化劑提供指導，從而促進香港在氫經濟和碳中和技術上的發展。

The massive use of fossil fuels is one of the most challenging environmental problems facing society today. Hydrogen can be extracted from renewable sources, such as water, to achieve carbon neutral targets, and to provide solutions to environmental problems. If a society is to achieve a cash economy, it must first address a number of technical bottle neck issues, namely production, transport and storage, the last of which remains one of the most challenging barriers to widespread use in cars.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS21/H01/22
項目名稱：集體動機訪談（CMI）運用於網絡遊戲障礙的青少年組群：隨機對照研究
首席研究員：謝家和博士（港專）

entry number: UGC/FDS21/H01/22
entry name: CMI group of young people using Internet game barriers: random researcher
Chief Researcher: Shen and Dr. (Hong Kong)

摘要

Summary

網絡遊戲障礙 （IGD） 是一個普遍存在的公共衛生問題。青少年過度參與網絡遊戲可能導致睡眠過少、飲食不良、未能保持適當的個人衛生以及退出社交互動，甚至損害了人際交往的發展。

The Internet game barrier (IGD) is a widespread public health problem. Over-participation in online games by young people can lead to poor sleep, poor diet, failure to maintain proper personal hygiene and exit from social interaction, and even damage the development of interpersonal relationships.

集體動機訪談 （CMI） 是一種本地創新的動機提升輔導手法，在重要他人的支持下促進案主的改變動機。集體動機訪談的研發植根於具有40多年臨床實證的成癮治療手法 ─ 動機訪談法 （MI），開創了讓重要他人參與激勵過程，致力在各方參與下營造正向積極和建設性的對話。

The CMI is an innovative local drive to upgrade guidance, with the support of important people, to drive change. The CMI is rooted in a 40-year-old clinically proven addiction treatment technique, which has started to involve important people in stimulating the process, working to create a positive and built-up conversation with all parties involved.

我們的國際研究團隊運用隨機對照實驗形式，測試 CMI在本港應用於網絡遊戲障礙的青少年之功效。介入效果的主要成效指標包括：IGD症狀的嚴重程度，次要成效指標包括改變網絡遊戲行為的動機、網絡遊戲的渴望，以及來自重要他人的社交支援。

Our international research team uses random testing to test the effectiveness of CMI in online games. The main success indicators for intervention include the severity of the IGD symptoms, secondary effectiveness indicators including the motivation to change the behavior of online games, the desire for online games, and social support from other important people.

本研究將為華人社區做出貢獻，為輔導員、社會工作者和服務提供者提供切實可行的介入手法，以改善正面對網絡遊戲障礙的青少年及其重要他人的生活質素。

The study will contribute to the Chinese community by providing practical interventions for mentors, social workers and service providers to improve the quality of life of young people and other important people who face barriers to online games.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/B10/22
項目名稱：工作小組的組員會如何應對積極主動的新同事？從相互影響的角度探討新同事加入和創新的關係
首席研究員：王亞美博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/B10/22
entry name: How can the members of the working group respond to new colleagues who are active?

摘要

Summary

為了成功創新，各機構都越來越努力招募能貢獻自己的知識、新觀點和創意的新員工。然而，新人的加入不一定會自動轉化成為正面的團隊成果，因為現有團隊成員需要對新人加入而做出相應的調整，這對他們來說可能是一種壓力並是一個需要消耗資源的過程。幾乎任何已建立的團隊都必須進行一些團隊重建或調整以適應新人的加入並共同努力實現集體目標，然而關於新員工對現有團隊成員的影響、團隊動力以及如何逐步達到團隊績效相關的研究仍然非常有限。因此，研究的關鍵問題在於現有團隊成員是否、如何以及何時會對新成員的加入做出反應而影響團隊整體成果。為了證實這個重要的猜想，本研究項目旨在（1）調查團隊新成員加入後對團隊內部環境-包括對團隊現有內部人員的狀態、角色以及他們所做出的反應有何影響；（2）探索和找出現有團隊成員對新成員加入而可能做出的不同反應機制。

To be successful, agencies are increasingly trying to recruit new workers who can contribute their knowledge, ideas, and ideas. However, the newcomers’ participation does not necessarily automatically turn into positive team outcomes, as existing team members need to adjust to newcomers, which may be a pressure on them and a resource-consumption process. Almost all of the teams that have been established have to re-establish or adapt to newcomers and work together to achieve their collective goals. However, research on the impact of newcomers on existing team members, on team dynamics, and on how to achieve team effectiveness is still very limited.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS16/E09/22
項目名稱：大規模非結構化醫療健康文本分析的數量信息表示與抽取
首席研究員：王富利教授（都大）

entry number: UGC/FDS16/E09/22
entry name: Quantum of information for analysis of large-scale non-structured medical health texts and extraction of
Principal Researcher: Professor Wang Fuley (Major)

摘要

Summary

嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症（SARS）是21世紀首個席捲全球的傳染性疾病。20年後的今天，世界正竭力對抗新型冠狀病毒肺炎（COVID-19），現今社會容易受到重大疾病的影響。快速處理醫療數據可以協助戰勝這疫症，因此很需要研發先進人工智能處理大量醫療數據。大量有價值的醫療數據存在於非結構化文本中，例如診斷記錄、巡房記錄、出院記錄、線上健康討論、醫學文獻、臨床指南、臨床試驗納排標準等。各種非結構化文本中常常包含可度量的數量資訊，例如超過四成的非結構化臨床試驗文本包含可度量的陳述語句。可度量數量資訊描述了與數量方面相關的基本屬性，這些屬性對於定義和比較臨床表型是必要的，例如醫療屬性、人口統計學特徵、實驗室檢驗等。可度量數量資訊的自動表示、抽取和應用對於患者資格確定、患者病情評估、患者狀況監測、循證醫學、疾病風險預測、感染預防和控制、臨床決策支持等具有重要意義。

Twenty years later, the world is struggling to fight against the new coronary virus pneumonia (COVID-19), and now the world is vulnerable to major diseases. Rapid treatment of medical data can help to combat the disease, and there is a strong need to develop pre-emptive and artificial treatment of a large number of medical data. There is a lot of valuable medical data in unstructured texts, such as diagnostic records, check-in records, hospital records, online health discussions, medical supplies, bedmarks, clinical tests, etc.

因此，開發有效的可度量數量資訊表示和抽取方法以促進臨床試驗等醫療文本的智慧化分析有迫切需要。數量資訊中有四個基本組成部分，包括實體、數值（或範圍）、測量單位和比較關係，而每個組成部分都有複雜的表達方式。然而，目前的可度量數量資訊表示和抽取研究面臨多個挑戰。首先，大量的醫學術語和縮略語導致通用自然語言處理工具性能不高。其次，多個數量表達可同時存在同一句子中，因此指代消解的方法很難將識別的多個結構準確地關聯起來。第三，大量醫療文本中包含不完整或隱含的陳述，如缺失測量單位，導致數量資訊成分識別非常困難。第四，醫療文本中經常出現各種比較關係的表達，如使用否定詞、特殊符號和隱含語境。最後，在一些非正式的醫療衛生文本中存在關係表達自相矛盾的問題。這些挑戰給醫學領域的可度量數量資訊研究帶來了巨大困難。目前，還沒有十分有效的方法來表示和抽取可度量數量資訊。

There is therefore an urgent need for intelligent analysis of effective measurable quantitative information and extraction methods to facilitate the introduction of medical texts such as bed trials. There are four basic components of the volume, including entities, values (or ranges), measurement units and comparisons, each of which is complex. Third, a large number of medical texts contain incomplete or implicit narratives, such as missing metrics, which make it difficult to capture quantitative information.

本項目旨在設計新的自動技術用於可度量數量資訊的表示和抽取，以加強大規模醫療文本的深度分析及其應用。為此，本項目將設計一種新的標記語言以形式化的方式表示可度量數量資訊。此外，將研發一個新的基於神經網路的模型，用於抽取醫療實體、數值、單位和比較關係，作為可度量數量資訊的表達成份。之後，將研發一個通過成份的自動關聯來獲得完整的可度量數量資訊的模型。這些模型將被應用於處理最少三個大規模的中英文醫療文本數據集，包括覆蓋220個國家與地區的451,571項臨床試驗研究，以分析其共性和差異，從而促進醫療領域研究的進步。另一方面，所研發的技術可擴展應用到香港支柱產業之一的檢測和認證行業。

In addition, a new neural network-based model will be developed to capture medical supplies, values, units, and comparisons, and will be used as a means to measure the volume of information. After that, a model will be developed to obtain a full measure of the volume of information through an integral combination of self-association. These models will be used in a compendium of Chinese and English medical texts dealing with at least three large scales, including 451,571 bed test studies covering 220 countries and regions, to analyse their commonalities and differences, and to promote progress in medical research from the field.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/E05/22
項目名稱：MetaConfigurator：以資源節約的方法來開發基於需求的產品配置系統
首席研究員：王越博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/E05/22
entry name: MetaConfigurator: Develop demand-based product configuration systems
Principal Researcher: Dr. Wang Viet (Singer)

摘要

Summary

產品配置系統被認為是定制產品設計的關鍵工具，並已成功應用於DELL、BMW和NIKE等多家公司。在各種版本的產品配置系統中，基於需求的系統可以將客戶以自然語言表達的需求直接映射到目標產品，因此尤其適用於B2C環境。但是生成基於需求的配置系統非常耗費資源。公司需要收集、標註、處理大量的客戶需求等產品相關數據來訓練模型。此外，這種方法僅限於一個產品系列，不能推廣到其他產品甚至更新的產品系列。這限制了它在實際中的廣泛應用。本項目將開發一個 MetaConfigurator 框架來克服這些挑戰。我們將利用自然語言處理、深度學習和遷移學習技術來解釋模棱兩可且可能定義不明確的客戶需求，並將它們映射到明確定義的產品配置。我們將利用來自電子商務網站的海量產品評論數據，提取某一類產品相關的知識或特徵。然後，使用相對少量的客戶需求數據，通用的特徵將遷移到某一個特定產品，以構建基於產品特定需求的配置器。這種預訓練-微調的過程，可以使公司更有效地開發基於需求的產品配置器。

The product allocation system is considered to be a key tool for custom-based design, and has been successfully used by companies such as Dell, BMW, and NIKE. In various versions of the product allocation system, demand-based systems can directly map clients’ needs in natural language to the target product, and thus be particularly useful in the B2C environment. But the system that generates demand-based configuration systems is expensive. The company needs to collect, label, handle the demand of a large number of customers, etc. The methodology is limited to one product series, which cannot be extended to other products or even to updated ones. It limits its outreach in practice. This project will develop a metaconfigurator framework to overcome these challenges. We will use natural language processing, in-depth learning and migration techniques to explain the needs of an unknown client, and it will map the needs of a technology-based technology that can be used to project a specific technology-based product.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS15/H01/22（退出）
項目名稱：香港是向東方傳播西方信息的先驅：重溯重釋十九世紀後半葉中日近代化思想之起源
首席研究員：魏楚雄教授（樹仁）

entry number: UGC/FDS15/H01/22 (departure)
entry name: Hong Kong is a precursor to the transmission of Western messages to the east: retraced the origin of the recent contemporary ideology in the second half of the nineteenth century
Principal Researcher: Professor Wei Chu-Yung (Rin)

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS16/M04/22
項目名稱：丹參的傳統湯劑提取物、水狀提取物、溶劑提取物，丹參素、丹參酮IIA及其混合物，對貝伐珠單抗所誘發的高血壓的降壓作用
首席研究員：黃詩韻博士（都大）

entry number: UGC/FDS16/M04/22
entry name: Dansin's traditional soup extracts, hydroponic extracts, soluble extracts, Dansin, Denstencodone IIA and its mixtures, pressure relief against high blood pressure induced by bellow beads
Principal Researcher: Dr. Yellow Poetry (Major)

摘要

Summary

貝伐珠單抗（Bev）是一種作用於血管內皮生長因子（VEGF）的單株抗體，通過抑制血管新生以達致抗癌作用。儘管Bev已被公認為治療結直腸癌和非小細胞肺癌的第一線藥物，但誘發高血壓是此藥物常見的不良反應，當中的關鍵機制可能是由於血管中的舒張因子（一氧化氮（NO）和前列環素）的紊亂、腎臟的腎小球內壓力升高和血脂水平升高所致。

Bev is a single antibody that acts as an intra-vascular skin growth factor (VEGF) and acts as an anti-cancer by curbing vascular rebirth. Although Bev has been widely recognized as the first-line drug for treating protointestinal and non-small cell lung cancer, the induction of hypertension is a common negative reaction to this drug, and the underlying strong-key system may be the result of a disorder in veins in the veins (NO1 and the front cycline) and an increase in the pressure in the kidney pellets of the kidneys and hemolygen levels.

目前仍然沒有治療Bev 誘發的高血壓的循證指引。由於血管緊張素轉換酶（ACE）抑制藥對控制Bev 誘發的高血壓的功效，臨床上較常處方這類藥物。然而，近期的研究指出ACE 抑制藥，如培哚普利和依那普利，可能會抑制 Bev 的抗血管生成作用，從而降低其治療效果。除了 ACE 抑制藥外，其他常見的抗高血壓藥物，例如血管緊張素接受體拮抗藥（ARB）、利尿藥、鈣拮抗藥和乙型（β）受體阻斷藥，都不是治療 Bev 誘發的高血壓的合適選擇。

However, recent studies suggest that ACE inhibitors, such as Becupule and Inapli, may inhibit Bev's anti-vascular production and then reduce its treatment effects. Apart from ACE inhibitors, other common anti-hamppressants, such as vascular antagonist acceptance of ARB, urinary, silicone and beta-based resistance, are not a suitable option for treating Bev's high blood pressure.

現在有很大逼切性去識別一種有潛質的藥物來治療 Bev 誘發的高血壓，該藥物應通過針對上述的關鍵機制，有效治療這種高血壓，同時亦不應抵消 Bev 的抗癌作用。如果該有潛質的藥物與 Bev 具有相加或協同的抗癌作用，這將會是一個優勢。臨床上，中草藥已與抗高血壓或抗癌的西藥合併使用，聯合療法的治療效果亦已得到證實。因此，中草藥很可能為治療 Bev 誘發的高血壓提供有潛質的候選藥物。然而，關於中藥對 Bev 誘發的高血壓的降壓作用的研究不多，除了我們近期的研究，當中發現丹參的活性成分丹參素，可以逆轉 Bev 在大鼠腸繫膜動脈中引起的血管舒張障礙（數據尚未發表）。

There is a great deal of pressure to identify a potential drug to treat Bev's high blood pressure, which is effectively treated through the key system described above for , and which at the same time does not have the potential to counter Bev's cancer

丹參（唇形科植物丹參的根）是一種傳統的中草藥。臨床上常以傳統口服湯劑的形式處方，用於治療心血管疾病，例如心肌梗塞、中風、冠心病、高血壓、腎損傷和高脂血症。最近有報導指出，丹參的水狀提取物具有與 Bev 相似的抗 VEGF 特性。丹參素 [3-（3,4-二羥基苯基）-2-羥基-丙酸] 是丹參的主要生物活性和水溶性成分，可通過調節 NO 和前列環素的路徑，降低自發性高血壓大鼠的收縮壓和舒張壓。丹參酮 IIA（Tan IIA）是丹參中最豐富的親脂性活性成分，在調節血壓、保護腎臟和降低血脂方面也有相類似的作用。

Danschen (the root of the lip-shaped plant) is a traditional medium herbism . There have been recent reports that Dansin's water extractions have a similar anti-VEGF properties to Bev, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary heart disease, hypertension, kidney damage and >. Danschen is the main biological activity and water solubility ingredient in Dans, and can reduce the stress and stress of self-inflicted high blood-pressure rats by modulating No and the path of precyclics.

單一的丹參草本含有超過 200種的化學成分，當中所提取成分的性質如水性和親脂性，很大程度上取決於提取的方法。臨床上，丹參常以傳統口服湯劑的形式處方。鑒於臨床應用和近期的研究，我們假設丹參的傳統湯劑提取物、水狀提取物、溶劑提取物和由丹參分離的活性成分（丹參素、Tan IIA 及其混合物），可能對 Bev 誘發的高血壓有不同的作用。我們目前的研究是找出與Bev聯合療法的最佳丹參衍生物及其內在機制，研究結果將為Bev的臨床應用及中西醫結合治療提供有效的支持。

The single Danish herb contains more than 200 chemical ingredients, and the properties of the extracted ingredients, such as water and lipophilicity, are largely determined by the method of extraction. In bedtime, Dansin often prescriptions in the form of traditional oral soup. In the light of bed use and recent research, we assume that the traditional soup extractions, hydroponic extracts, solvent extractions and active ingredients separated by Dansin (Dancin, Tan IIA, and their mixtures) may have different effects on the high blood pressure that Bev attracts.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS11/H04/22
項目名稱：是退或是留：影響中等收入長者作出決定的因素
首席研究員：黃於唱教授（明愛）

entry number: UGC/FDS11/H04/22
entry name: either to withdraw or to retain: factors affecting decisions of middle-income elders
Principal Researcher: Prof. Yellow Singer

摘要

Summary

香港已屆退休之年的長者，主要依靠強積金和私人投資儲蓄以應付退休生活開支，經濟有困難的，則可申領長者生活津貼。對於中等收入的長者而言，他們大多未能領取長者生活津貼，要應付二、三十年的退休生活又相當困難。如要維持接近原有的生活水準，便得繼續工作。不過香港的65-69歲長者的就業比例，就算近年有所升高，但仍然偏低。究其原因，可能與身體健康、照顧家人責任、就業市場中不利長者就業或其他因素有關。本研究針對曾在60-64歲時就業，當時每月收入介乎入息中位數以上的中等收入人士（約在20,000至33,000之間），而現時年齡為65-69歲的長者，以了解影響他們就業決定的因素。研究團隊會先以隨機電話接觸，找出合適的對象及願意接受訪問的對象，再與他們進行詳細訪問，目標為最終訪問500人。訪問結束後，再按結果選取18位不同情況的受訪者作深入訪談，進一步了解他們在找工作、就業及退休路上的經歷和考慮，研究團隊會就研究結果作出政策的建議，讓長者能在更有利的條件下，在工作和退休之間作出決定。

However, the proportion of 65-69-year-olds living in Hong Kong has increased in recent years, but is still low. The reason for this may be related to their physical health, their family responsibilities, their employment in the market, or other factors.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS15/H03/22
項目名稱：契丹-遼王朝建立在內蒙古東北草原上的定居城鎮及其對中國歷史的影響：對「投下」的新探究
首席研究員：楊若薇教授（樹仁）

entry number: UGC/FDS15/H03/22
entry name: Chidan-King Dynasty settlement town on the North East Plains of Inner Mongolia and its impact on Chinese history: new researcher
: Professor Jan Joo Wei (Rin)

摘要

Summary

本研究旨在探究契丹-遼王朝（907-1125）在內蒙古東北草原建立的定居城鎮，特別是那些被稱為「投下」（或「頭下」）的州縣。這些城鎮不僅對促進當時的社會、政治和經濟的發展，貢獻極大，對後來中國歷史的進程、多民族的共處、農牧社會的兼容，以及中國與歐亞大陸的聯繫和互動，亦影響甚巨。

The aim of this study is to explore the settlement towns (907-1125) built by the Chedan-King dynasty in the north-eastern steppes of Inner Mongolia, especially those that are called "dropping" (or "top-down"). These towns have not only contributed significantly to the social, political and economic development of the period, but also to the progress of Chinese history, the multi-ethnicity, the compatibility of farming and pastoral societies, and the links and interaction between China and the European continent.

但是，「投下」其義、其事究竟如何？卻一直是一個歷史謎團。該詞最早出現於契丹史籍，繼而再現於蒙元史料，之後戛然而止，不再有任何記錄。王國維於 1923 年首次追溯「投下」的詞源，自此引起了海內外學者的持續關注。經過近一個世紀的探討，學界普遍認為，居於「投下」者，乃為契丹王室和貴族俘掠的漢族和其他農業民族人，而「投下」城鎮乃為不隸屬於王朝政府統轄的一個獨立系統。但是，由於這一結論難以自圓其說地解釋諸多疑問，從而令「投下」成為中國歷史上的重大懸案之一。

But, after a recent century, it is widely believed that the “dropper” is one of the most important cases in China’s history, and that the “dropper” town is an independent system that does not belong to the dynasty. But, given that it is difficult to explain in its own right the many doubts that have been raised, the “dropper” has become one of the major problems in China’s history.

研究契丹王朝歷史的主要史料來源—二十四史之一的《遼史》，以其粗疏誤漏著稱，因而僅憑《遼史》研究「投下」，將面臨著缺乏信息的嚴峻挑戰；遼國幅員廣闊，多民族、多語種並存，因而僅憑傳世史書的記載研究「投下」，亦面臨著文字可靠程度及足夠與否的質疑。有鑒於此，本研究嘗試從歷史學、民族學、語言學和考古學等角度搜集、考辨及驗證不同的資料。

The main source of history in the history of the Qidan dynasty – one of the twenty-four history's "History" – is known for its grossness, which leads to a "drop" in the history of the Qin study, which faces a serious challenge of lack of information; the vastness of the country, the multi-ethnicity and multi-linguistic coexistence, and thus the "drop" in the history of the world – and the credibility of the text and its adequacy – are questioned. In this context, the study attempts to gather, test and test different data from historical, ethnic, linguistic and archaeology perspectives.

本計劃包括三個階段。第一階段主要為實地考察「投下」所在地區（今內蒙古東部和遼寧西部）的歷史遺跡，訪問當地博物館，搜集和考察碑文、出土資料、地方文獻等。第二階段為綜合分析史料。對新搜集的、已受到關注或未被應用的各類資料進行比較和考證，從「投下」的詞源和語義到其作為定居城鎮的出現、人口構成、管治機制、不同時期與中央政府的財政和軍事關係等方面作出綜合分析。第三階段將提出對於史實的新認識，解說契丹王朝地方行政制度的架構。基於史料證據，本研究所探討的契丹王朝政治制度的集權和分權範式、行政和權力秩序，將對於了解契丹王朝的後繼者—金朝及蒙元王朝的政治制度提供借鑑。由於草原地區定居城鎮的出現是當時游牧政權的一種創新實踐，本研究的成果可為契丹王朝對中古以至於近現代中國和中亞地區的影響提供新證據，同時，對現代社會亦具有理論及實踐意義，特別是可為多民族的共存共治以及城市化進程提供歷史經驗參考。

The plan consists of three stages. The first phase consists mainly of an empirical examination of the historical remains of the “downloaded” area (now the eastern part of Mongolia and the western part of Jinning) and an examination of the local museum, the collection and examination of monuments, earthworks, local contributions, etc. The second phase is a collaborative analysis of history. The second phase is a comparison and validation of newly collected data of various kinds that have been or have not been used. From the sources and language of the term “down” to the emergence of the “down” town as a settlement town, population formation, governance mechanisms, different periods of political and military relations with the central government, etc. The third phase is to present a new understanding of history, the structure of the local administration of the Chaitan dynasty.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/B08/22
項目名稱：數碼時代激勵忠誠計劃會員的反饋策略：進展框架方式的作用
首席研究員：楊鑫博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/B08/22
entry name: counter-strategy of digital-time stimulation of loyalists: the role of the development framework approach
Principal Researcher: Dr.

摘要

Summary

忠誠計劃在款待服務業中被廣泛地使用，以刺激消費並加強消費者參與其中。數碼技術進一步加速了忠誠計劃的使用，例如許多公司依靠移動端應用程式向忠誠計劃會員提供有關餐飲積分，酒店住宿積分，飛行常客里程等即時的積分反饋，用於兌換會員獎勵或為會員資格續訂和升級。最近，在新冠肺炎病毒大流行期間，數字化訂購日益增長，並促使公司利用數字化忠誠計劃來吸引使用移動應用程式的消費者。然而，大多數忠誠計劃未能實現預期效果，因為大約54%的基於應用程式的忠誠計劃會員在一年內變得不再活躍（Payments Journal，2021）。

Faithful programs are widely used in the hospitality industry to stimulate consumption and strengthen the participation of consumers. Digital techniques have further accelerated the use of loyalty programs, for example, many companies rely on mobile applications to provide relevant food and drink points to loyalists, hotel accommodations, frequent flyer miles, etc., which are now counterbalanced and used to reward members or to reschedule and upgrade members.

忠誠計劃相關文獻沒有就如何解決上述問題提供太多指導，因為大多數研究都集中在瞭解如何吸引更多潛在忠誠計劃成員（e.g., Gorlier and Michel, 2020; Steinhoff and Palmatier, 2016）。但是，如果忠誠計劃的主要目的是通過重複光顧來建立忠誠度（Yang et al., 2021），那麽如何激勵會員追求忠誠計劃獎勵以及積極參與忠誠計劃就成為了一個重要議題。

The contributions to the HTP do not provide much guidance on how to solve these problems, because most studies focus on how to attract more potential HTP members (e.g., Gorlier and Michel, 2020; Steinhoff and Palmatier, 2016). But, if the main purpose of HTP is to build loyalty by revisiting it (Yang et al., 2021), how to motivate members to pursue HTP awards and actively engage in HTPs is an important issue.

為解决這一議題，本研究將探討應如何制定有效的反饋策略來促進現有會員追求獎勵，和鼓勵他們積極參與忠誠計劃。本研究確定了兩種常用但不同的反饋策略，用於更新會員的忠誠計劃目標進度。具體而言，這兩種反饋策略包括回顧類的反饋策略（用於強調已經取得的目標進度）和展望類的反饋策略（用於強調尚未取得的目標進度）。基於忠誠計劃獎勵和層級的相關特徵，本研究構建了一個理論框架，提出了一系列關於兩種反饋策略相對應有效性的新穎假設。通過對照實驗和實地實驗，本研究將會驗證和評估不同反饋策略和忠誠計劃相關特徵之間的交互作用。研究結果將進一步豐富維持忠誠計劃會員興趣和參與度的相關文獻，並為忠誠計劃管理人員設計有效的反饋策略提供具體指導。

In order to address this issue, the study will explore how to develop effective counter-strategy strategies (used to highlight what has already been achieved) and forward-looking counter-strategy (used to highlight what has not yet been achieved). Based on the incentives and features of loyalty schemes, the study has developed a framework of reasoning and a series of new hypotheses about the effectiveness of two counter-strategy strategies. By following experiments and field trials, the study will test and evaluate the interaction between different counter-strategy and loyalistic schemes.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS15/H15/22
項目名稱：普通話-粵語成年雙語者一語二語聲調系統的相互作用
首席研究員：楊一可博士（樹仁）

entry number: UGC/FDS15/H15/22
entry name: An interaction between the Mandarin-speaker bilingual system of adult bilinguals
Principal Researcher: Dr. Iko Yang

摘要

Summary

越來越多的人開始學習第二語言，然而，即使在多年廣泛接觸二語後，二語學習者也經常會被聽出口音。儘管二語者的口音可能存在不同來源，但通常會被認為是受到了學習者母語的影響。在二語習得過程中，學習者的母語也可能因二語的影響而出現變化，這種現象被稱為一語磨蝕（Firstlanguageattrition）。就雙語語言發展而言，當前對一語磨蝕和二語習得的研究主要是兩個獨立的發展方向。因此，學界對於一語和二語的相互作用仍知之甚少。

More and more people are beginning to learn the second language, yet even after years of extensive contact with the two languages, second-language learners are often heard. Although there may be different sources of the two-language accent, it is often thought to be influenced by the learner’s mother tongue. In the course of learning, the learner’s mother tongue may also change as a result of the influence of the two languages, which is called the Firstlanguageattrition.

當前的言語學習模型（如Flege和Bohn，2021）提出雙語者的心理表徵中有一個一語和二語共用的語音或音系空間，因此它們假設一語會影響二語。雖然一些研究指出一語和二語音段之間存在雙向影響的可能性，但聲調系統是否會體現出一語和二語的相互作用則有待探索。本研究試圖將一語磨蝕和二語習得聯繫起來，旨在密切研究普通話和粵語雙語者一語和二語聲調系統的相互作用，以期加深我們對一語和二語言語相互作用的理解。作為兩種密切相關的漢語方言，普通話和粵語都是聲調語言，它們聲調系統的差異為檢驗言語學習模型的假設提供了天然的語言環境。

While some studies point to the possibility of a two-way influence between a language and a two-language segment, it is still to be explored whether the voice system will reveal an interaction between one language and two languages. This study attempts to link one language to two languages, with a view to closely studying the interaction between one language and the bilingual system, with a view to deepening our understanding of the interaction between one language and two languages. As two closely related Chinese languages, ordinary and synonyms are both speech-convergence languages, their differences in the system provide a natural language context for a speech-testing model.

為填補前人研究的空白，本研究提出了四個目標：（1）系統地探究一語和二語在聲調系統方面的雙向影響；（2）測試普通話-粵語雙語者在一語普通話的發音和感知方面是否存在磨蝕，以及他們在二語粵語的發音和感知方面是否可以與粵語母語者有相當的表現；（3）結合聲學測量和感知實驗來分析閲讀語料和自然語料，這是本研究在方法論上的貢獻；（4）探究可能促進一語磨蝕和二語習得的潛在非語言因素。這項研究將招募在抵達香港之前以普通話為唯一漢語方言並已經能說流利粵語的香港新移民。另外兩組參與者包括以普通話為母語但極少接觸其他漢語方言的人和以粵語為母語的人，他們都將作為本研究的對照組。參與者將在兩個實驗中執行各種任務。第一個實驗將收集閲讀語料和自然語料，其數據將通過聲學測量和感知實驗進行評估。第二個實驗則是聲調的感知實驗，參與者將被要求完成一項識別任務和一項同異辨別任務。

In order to fill the gaps in the previous human studies, the study proposes four objectives: (1) systematic examination of the two-way influence of one language and two languages on the sound system; (2) testing of the pronunciation and perceptiveness of a Mandarin language by plain-language speakers; and whether they can perform as pronunciation and perceptively as pronunciators in Chinese language before arriving in Hong Kong; (3) analysis of the two-way influences of a language and natural language in the methodology of the study; and (4) detection of the potential for promoting the pronunciation and non-linguistic elements of a language. The study will recruit new immigrants in Hong Kong who speak the only Chinese language before arriving in Hong Kong and who can already speak fluent language. Two other participants, including those who speak the mother tongue but rarely touch with other Chinese languages, and those who speak the language in English, will be part of the research team.

作為系統研究雙語者一語二語聲調系統相互作用的首次嘗試，本研究將為支持或反對當前言語學習模型的假設提供證據，並推進一語二語相互作用理論知識的發展。這項研究的結果還將告知語言教師對普通話學習者特別具有挑戰性的粵語聲調，使教師在教授粵語聲調時調整他們的教學大綱和教學法。此外，這項研究將為本科生提供直接的研究機會，更好地為他們未來的學術和職業發展做好準備。

The results of this study will also inform language teachers about the particularly challenging syntax tone of plain-language learners, and will enable teachers to adjust their teaching curricula and teaching methods while teaching their speech. In addition, the study will provide students with direct research opportunities to better prepare them for future academic and professional development.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/E08/22
項目名稱：用於冷水機系統能量管理的人工智能時間序列
首席研究員：余富榮博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/E08/22
entry name: A.I. Time series for energy management in cold water systems
Principal Researcher: Dr. Yu Fu Yung (Major Education Institute)

摘要

Summary

冷水機系統用於提供冷卻的能量，佔商業和教育建築總能耗至少四分之一。系統的能源性能取決於天氣條件、時間以及如何控制運行參數。人工智能時間序列模型可以用於分析冷水機系統製冷量和用電量的短期及長期變化、和功耗的短期和長期變化，以改善和優化系統運行，也有助於系統的能源管理。

The cold water system is used to provide cooling energy, accounting for at least a quarter of the total energy spent on commercial and educational buildings. The energy performance of the system depends on weather conditions, time, and how it controls operating parameters. The artificial intelligent time-series model can be used to analyse short-term and long-term changes in cooling and electricity use in the cold water system, and short-term and long-term changes in power to improve and optimize the operation of the system, as well as energy management in the system.

本項目旨在開發用於能源管理和冷水機系統優化的人工智能時間序列模型。首先，進行文獻探討以確定用於模擬冷水機系統的操作和能源性能的適當算法。其次，會以理大紅磡灣校園冷水機系統作為案例研究，收集運作數據和控制要求。該系統配備了趨勢跟踪設備，可以收集系統組件每15分鐘的運行狀態和能源相關數據。收集到的運行數據和控制參數，會用以確定模型系統的輸入和輸出變量。時間序列模型將結合適當的算法來模擬冷水機系統的冷卻能力和能耗。本項目將分析操作變量的時間序列特徵，以驗證當前的可控性和操作性、以及統優化的可能性。

This project is designed to develop an artificial intelligent time series model for energy management and cooler system optimization. First, a documentary exploration is conducted to determine the appropriate algorithms for the operation and energy performance of the model cold water system. Second, it is used as a case study for collecting operational data and control requirements for the Great Red Bay school cold water system. The system is equipped with a tracking device that collects the system components'operating status and energy-related data for every 15 minutes. The operational and control parameters collected are used to determine the input and output variability of the model system. The time series model will be used to model the cooling capacity and energy consumption of the cold water system using appropriate algorithms.

本項目的意義在於展示使用人工智能來促進能源管理和冷水機系統優化，降低功耗，同時保持足夠的冷卻性能。系統的改進方案將改善商業和教育設施的可持續運營。實現香港的碳中和計劃。

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the use of artificial intelligence for energy management and cooling system optimization, reducing power consumption, and maintaining sufficient cooling power. The system improvement program will improve the sustainable operation of commercial and educational facilities.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/P07/22
項目名稱：聯合稀疏優化：非凸罰理論與應用
首席研究員：余國惠博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/P07/22
entry name: United Diversity: Uncoupled Theory and Application
Principal Researcher: Dr. Yoshie (Hong Kong)

摘要

Summary

大數據在各個學科中發揮著重要作用。聯合稀疏優化是解決許多大數據問題的實用技術，它採用多重響應的同步效應來增強大數據分析。它已成功應用於多響應回歸、多任務機器學習、多通道信號處理、分佈式壓縮感知和系統生物學等各個領域。稀疏優化方面的大量實證研究表明，非凸懲罰方法通常認為比（凸）ℓ₁正則化方法具有顯著更強的稀疏促進能力和顯著更穩健的稀疏恢復穩定性。然而，聯合稀疏優化的數學理論的發展仍處於起步階段，特別是對於非凸懲罰方法。

Large numbers of data play an important role in various disciplines. A lot of empirical evidence on dilution is that it is a practical technique that solves many of the big data problems, using multiple-responsive synchronisms to enhance data analysis. It has been successfully applied to multiple response, multi-mission machine learning, multi-channel signal processing, distributed compression perception, and system biology. A lot of empirical research on dilution suggests that non-strength punishment methods are generally perceived to be comparable to and #8467; and ₁ regularization methods that are more robust, less aggressive and more stable.

在本項目中，我們將考慮聯合稀疏優化（NPJSO）的非凸懲罰方法，包括平滑裁剪絕對偏差、極小凹懲罰、ℓ_p正則化（p<1）和上限非凸懲罰，並研究其非凸優化模型的一致性理論和一階優化算法的收斂理論，以及NPJSO問題和算法的相變理論，並進一步討論在系統生物學中的應用。在理論方面，我們將採用相對於懲罰的聯合受限特徵值條件（p-JREC）的概念來建立全局最小值的恢復界限（包括模型誤差、絕對偏差和ℓ₂ 恢復界限）來定量估計NPJSO 的穩定性。我們將進一步計算滿足p-JREC的隨機矩陣的採樣率下限，從而建立NPJSO的相變理論，揭示其理論稀疏恢復邊界。在算法方面，我們將連續技術應用於近端梯度算法（PGMC）和交替方向乘子法（ADMMC），然後將使用 p-JREC 建立它們對近似基準實際聯合稀疏解（在與噪聲水平和恢復範圍成比例的容差內）以幾何速率的收斂性。此外，還將為隨機矩陣建立非凸PGMC和ADMMC的相變理論。該收斂理論將為某些非凸稀疏算法的稀疏恢復可用性提供積極的理論證據，並將填補某些非凸懲罰方法的空白。在應用方面，我們將應用我們的理論結果和數值算法來解決細胞命運轉換的主基因調節推斷問題，這是發育生物學和再生醫學的有力工具。掌握細胞命運轉換的基因調控推斷的成功應用，將有助於生物學家促進快速識別關鍵調控因子，提高成功轉化率的可能性，並有望降低實驗成本。

In this project, we will consider non-gang punishment methods such as NPJSO, including the smoothing of absolute deviations in NPJSO issues and algorithms, & #8467; _pp< 1) and capping non-gang punishment, as well as researching the theory of consistency and the theory of the agnostic algorithm, and the theory of NPJSO problems and algorithms, and further discussion of the use of and #8467; _{; p>/mp> and the concept of rep-rejCJC', and the concept of to build up the minimum value of and}

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS17/M07/22
項目名稱：聯用CRISPR/Cas9與CRISPR/Cas13定向打靶技術在鼻咽癌細胞中治愈EB病毒感染的研究
首席研究員：阮傑燊博士（東華）

entry number: UGC/FDS17/M07/22
entry name: Research on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas13 targeted targeting techniques to cure EB virus infection in snorting cancer cells
Principal Researcher: Dr. Nguyen Jie (East China)

摘要

Summary

鼻咽癌是華南地區的常見健康問題，亦是本港常見癌症之一。早期鼻咽癌對放射治療極為敏感，但大多數晚期鼻咽癌患者對放射治療或化療的反應則未如理想，因此對這種惡性腫瘤有開發新治療方法的需要。鑑於普遍相信鼻咽癌是由EB病毒引致的，從鼻咽癌細胞中消除EB病毒從而達到治療效果會是一項值得進行探討的新型鼻咽癌治療方法。因此，本研究將評估聯用CRISPR/Cas9與CRISPR/Cas13定向打靶技術在鼻咽癌細胞中治愈EB病毒感染，即運用CRISPR基因編輯技術去消除細胞內EB病毒的遺傳物質。亦會研究其作為傳統鼻咽癌化療輔助性療法的可能性，並開發出有效的病毒載體工具將CRISPR/Cas遺傳物質帶入鼻咽癌細胞之內。

In South China, nasal cancer is a common health problem and one of the most common cancers in Hong Kong. Early nasal cancer is extremely sensitive to radiation treatment, but the response of most late nasal cancer patients to radiation treatment or chemotherapy has not been ideal, so there is a need for a new treatment for this malignant tumor. There is a general belief that nasal cancer is caused by the EB virus, and that removing the EB virus from the nasal cancer cells would be a new form of treatment for nasal cancer that deserves to be explored. Therefore, the study will evaluate the possibility of using CRISPR/Cas9 and CRRISPR/Cas13 for targeted targeting techniques to cure EB infection in the nasal cancer cells, using CRISPR gene editing to eliminate the legacy of the EB virus in the cells.

如本項目能確認聯用CRISPR/Cas9與CRISPR/Cas13定向打靶技術能有效從鼻咽癌細胞中消除EB病毒，那此技術不單可以用於鼻咽癌治療上，還能擴展到其他EB病毒相關疾病，包括帶有EB病毒的淋巴瘤和胃癌。

If this project is able to confirm that the combined CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas13 targeting technique is effective in removing the EB virus from snorting cancer cells, it can be used not only for snorting cancer treatment, but also for other EB-related diseases, including lymphoma and stomach cancers with EB viruses.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/E03/22
項目名稱：基於結合強化學習技術的輕量級數值模擬的香港公共交通內新型實時空調通風策略之研究
首席研究員：張浩博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/E03/22
entry name: Study on a new, time-bound air-conditioning strategy for public transport in Hong Kong based on a light-value digital simulation of chemical science enhancement techniques
Principal Researcher: Dr. Jang Ho (Major Executive College)

摘要

Summary

香港政府已經提出於2050年實現碳中和的目標。由於交通運輸約佔香港碳排放量的20%，香港已制定長期計劃和策略，推動電動公共交通普及，以邁向零碳交通運輸，特別是推廣電動公共巴士。然而，由於電池儲能的限制，續航里程是香港推廣使用電動巴士的主要障礙之一。在所有輔助系統中，通風-空調系統（HVAC） 是電動巴士行駛里程的最大負擔。值得注意的是，COVID-19 的爆發進一步加劇了公共交通對通風的要求。目前，公共巴士的HVAC策略被認為既不有效也不節能。一方面，尤其是在當前COVID-19 期間，未能為乘客提供舒適健康的車內微環境。而另一方面，現時HVAC策略已非常過時，既浪費能源亦無法達到預期的通風效果。這種過時HVAC策略，不僅影響了現有燃氣引擎巴士，加劇了其燃料消耗、碳排放和道路污染；而且會大大縮短了電動巴士的行駛里程，從而阻礙了電動巴士在香港的推廣部署。為了解決香港面臨的這種情況，此項的目的是研究更先進的公共巴士內HVAC的協調策略。在此項目中，將在車內環境的健康水平、能源消耗和乘客滿意度之間取得最優平衡，為當前和下一代公共巴士開發基於人工智能的實時HVAC策略。然而，最先進的技術揭示了其推廣中尚未解決的障礙。首先，極其複雜且不斷變化的車內環境是其中顯著的挑戰。目前，現階段的研究只考慮了車廂內的穩態情況，因此對車內微環境的研究可以概括為靜態和個案研究。此外，現階段對HVAC 控制的初步探索暴露出缺乏使用適當物理模型的真實驗證和指導的嚴重問題。這導致控制變量非常少，控制指標非常粗略，以及非常嚴重的模擬到現實的問題，帶來了在現實環境實現應用不可逾越的鴻溝。為了實現目標並填補現有研究缺口，該項目提出了一種綜合方法，將計算流體動力學 （CFD）、強化學習 （RL） 和基於視覺的檢測互相結合，以解決這些困難和複雜的技術問題。在車內實際測量數據的支持下，CFD 能夠驗證最優車內微環境並識別出通風滯止點。然而， CFD具有計算量大和非實時性的固有缺陷，因此並不能實時應用於真實車內環境。因此，RL將用來彌補 CFD 與實時實施之間的差距。通過繼承 CFD 的優勢，補足 CFD 的缺陷，RL 將使 CFD 輕量化，大大提高其在真實場景中的可行性。為了精準感知車內實時環境，一個基於視覺的檢測模塊將整合為 HVAC 協調的實時輸入。通過結合 CFD、RL 和視覺檢測的優勢，將最終集成為一種系統性的 HVAC 協調策略。為了緩解模擬到現實的問題，將在真實的巴士上進行前後現場實驗，以驗證所開發策略的有效性；還將建立一個混合學習和實際服務的協同程序，以提供額外的真實世界反饋，以提高HVAC策略實際表現。這種HVAC策略可應用於香港的現有的燃氣引擎巴士和下一代電動巴士，更為 COVID-19 後進一步提供健康和節能的巴士車廂環境。此項研究成果具有學術和實際應用的意義，與香港近期在綠色和智慧城市建設方面的卓越努力相一致。

The Hong Kong government has proposed the goal of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. With traffic transport accounting for about 20% of Hong Kong’s carbon emissions, Hong Kong has developed long-term plans and strategies to boost public transport to zero carbon transport, especially to boost public buses. However, as a result of capacity constraints in batteries, the mileage is one of the main barriers to the expansion of electric buses in Hong Kong. In all support systems, wind-air-conditioning systems (HVACs) are the biggest burden on the road.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS14/B17/22
項目名稱：聘用集團會計師是否對IPO審計質量產生影響？基於事務所及簽字會計師層面的分析
首席研究員：張瑋茵博士（恒大）

entry number: UGC/FDS14/B17/22
entry name: Does hiring a group accountant have an impact on the quality of IPO audits?

摘要

Summary

監管者、從業者、投資者和學者經常強調審計質量的重要性（Chan et al. 2006；Chen et al. 2016；Chen et al. 2010）。DeFond 和 Zhang（2014）對審計質量進行了深入的討論，並將客戶需求、審計師供應和監管干預確定為影響審計質量的重要因素。具體而言，審計師對重要客戶的經濟依賴可能會損害他們的獨立性，並令審計質量受損（Chen et al. 2010）。由於客戶重要性導致審計師獨立性受損，集團中共用同一審計師可能會對審計質量產生不利影響。另一方面，在集團中共用同一審計師的知識溢出效應可能會提高審計質量。該項研究的主要目的就是要調查共享同一審計師對IPO 審計質量和 IPO 後財務業績的影響，我們會分別從會計師事務所層面和審計師個人層面進行研究。

Regulators, practitioners, investors, and academics have often stressed the importance of censorship (Chan et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2010). DeFond and Zhang (2014) have engaged in an in-depth discussion of the quality of the audit, and have identified client demand, reviewer service, and supervisory oversight as important factors affecting the quality of the review. In particular, the key purpose of the research is to investigate the personal aspects of the sharing of IPOs and IPs by the same examiner (Chen et al. 2010).

由於上市要求的特殊性，中國提供了一個獨特的環境來測試共享審計師對IPO 的影響。基於績效的 IPO 審查制度和明確的盈利要求激勵中國 IPO 申請人提高 IPO 前的財務業績。此外，考慮到中國 IPO 審計市場的高度競爭性，中國的 IPO 審計師可能會犧牲審計的獨立性和審計質量以換取經濟利益。

Given the special nature of the listing requirements, China provides a unique environment in which to test the impact of shared auditors on IPOs. IPO censorship based on merit and explicit profit requirements encourage IPO applicants in China to improve their financial performance prior to IPOs. Moreover, considering the high level of competition in China’s IPO market, IPO reviewers in China may sacrifice the independence and quality of audits in exchange for economic gain.

DeFond 和 Zhang（2014）呼籲對審計師個人的報告行為進行更深入的研究。Hanlon et al.（2021）呼籲研究应该包括審計師個人行为對審計結果的影響和對客戶的影響。為了回應DeFond 和 Zhang（2014）和Hanlon et al.（2021）的呼籲，我們提出的研究計劃旨在證明在集團IPO 審計的背景下，共享同一名審計師對審計結果的影響。我們還將調查共同審計師對公司上市後業績的影響。

In response to calls by DeFond and Zhang (2014) for a more in-depth study of the personal reporting of the auditors. Hanlon et al. (2021) called for research to include the impact of the auditors’ individual behaviour on the results and on clients. In response to calls by DeFond and Zhang (2014) and Hanlon et al. (2021), our proposed research plan aims to prove that the same auditor will share the impact of the results in the context of the group’s IPO audits. We will also investigate the impact of co-censorship on the company’s post-market performance.

該項研究意義重大，因為它可以補充了關於審計師個人因素對審計結果的影響的相關文獻。該研究將會是第一個調查事務所層面和個人審計師層面的共同審計師是否會影響 IPO 審計質量的研究。通過展示在 IPO 審計中共享同一名審計師的作用和影響，我們的結果將幫助資本市場中的不同利益相關者做出更明智的決策，令他們可以制定與 IPO 相關的政策和法規。鑑於滬港通和深港通促進香港投資者投資中國資本市場，我們的研究結果將會對香港的投資者和監管機構產生重大影響。

The research will be the first co-censor to investigate whether the IPO will influence the quality of IPO audits. By sharing the role and influence of the same auditor in IPO trials, our results will help different stakeholders in the capital market to make better decisions that will enable them to formulate policies and regulations that are relevant to IPOs.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/B02/22
項目名稱：實時香港旅遊需求預測系統的研發
首席研究員：章新燕博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/B02/22
entry name:
Principal Researcher: Dr. Zhang Xinyan (Professional College of Science and Technology)

摘要

Summary

旅遊需求預測可以分為長期預測或短期預測。在重大危機期間，如COVID-19大流行時，由於旅遊需求呈現高不確定性，高頻或者實時的需求預測將對旅遊目的地的快速決策更有利。傳統的計量經濟學模型的預測頻次一般較低——如每年或每季度。這是因為該模型中的解釋變量數據，通常每年或每季度發布一次。因此，這些模型會忽略很多潛在有用的高頻信息。在過去的十年中，計量經濟學領域出現了很多新的方法，如混頻數據抽樣（MIDAS）模型等，使旅遊需求預測能夠實現更高的頻次，甚至是實時產生。

Travel needs predictions can be divided into long-term or short-term predictions. During major crisis periods, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, because of the uncertain nature of travel needs, high-frequency or real-time needs predictions will be more conducive to rapid decision-making in travel destinations. Predicts for conventional econometric models are generally lower — for example, annually or quarterly. This is because the explanatory variables in the model are usually published annually or quarterly.

現代宏觀經濟學理論，如理性預期理論和前瞻性消費理論表明，在未來的經濟活動中，經濟信心起著至關重要的預示作用。因為具有及時性和預示未來發展的能力，基於調查的商業信心或消費者信心數據，通常會被用於預測宏觀經濟變量。然而，在旅遊預測研究中，基於調查的數據在很大程度上被忽略了。在最近的 COVID-19 危機的背景下，本項目將首次嘗試基於調查數據的旅遊需求預測，並將結合搜索查詢數據，產生高頻或者實時的需求預測。

Contemporary macro-economic theories, such as rational prognostics and forward-looking cost theories, suggest that economic confidence plays an important role in future economic activity. Because of its timeliness and ability to project future developments, surveys based on business confidence or consumer confidence data are usually used to predict macro-economic changes. However, in travel forecasting studies, survey-based data are largely ignored. In the recent crisis of COVID-19, this project will for the first time attempt to anticipate travel needs based on survey data, and will combine search and query data to generate high-frequency or real-time demand forecasts.

本項目的目標是開發一套基於多數據源的香港實時旅遊需求預測系統，從而及時捕捉旅遊需求的復甦軌跡。項目將採用 MIDAS（或 MS-MIDAS）框架中的馬爾可夫轉換（MS）模型來應對由 COVID-19爆發引起的需求波動。作為一種能夠融合混合頻率指標的高級預測方法，MIDAS模型在宏觀經濟學領域的實時預測研究中發展迅速。然而，旅遊預測領域使用該方法的文獻還很有限。據我們所知，旅遊預測文獻中尚未考慮 MS-MIDAS模型。此外，考慮到未來旅遊業復甦的不確定性，本項目將應用專家判斷對模型生成的預測進行調整，以將重要的額外信息納入到最終預測中。

The objective of this project is to develop a multi-data source-based system for predicting Hong Kong's current travel needs, and to capture the track track of travel needs from time to time. The project will use the MIDAS (or MS-MIDAS) framework of the Markov Conversion (MS) model to respond to demand dynamics caused by the COVID-19 explosion. As a high-level predictive method that integrates mixed frequency indicators, the MIDAS model is developing rapidly in a realistic prediction study of the economic landscape. However, the contribution of the MIDAS field to this approach is limited. As far as we know, the MMS-MIDAS model has not yet been considered in the travel forecasting submission.

據聯合國世界旅遊組織預計，國內遊將推動旅遊行業的復甦。考慮到在 COVID-19之後，最初到訪香港的旅行者可能來自大灣區（GBA）內的鄰近城市，本項目將專注於預測從中國大陸，尤其是大灣區，到香港的遊客人數。

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), internal tourism is expected to boost the revival of the tourist industry. Considering that, after COVID-19, the first visitors to Hong Kong may come from neighboring cities in the greater Gulf region (GBA), this project will focus on predicting the number of tourists from China, particularly the greater Gulf region, to Hong Kong.

 

項目編號：UGC/FDS24/E02/22
項目名稱：從理論到實際應用：為香港公共消防服務應用開發的基於機器學習的空中多機平台
首席研究員：周偉峰博士（理大專業進修學院）

entry number: UGC/FDS24/E02/22
entry name: From theory to practical application: Development of a machine-based platform for public fire services in Hong Kong
Principal Researcher: Dr. Zhou Wei Feng (Major Executive College)

摘要

Summary

2019年夏天，大規模的森林大火給法國、希臘和美國的森林帶來了嚴重破壞。同年12月，澳大利亞經歷了由一系列森林大火引發的黑色夏季，比正常規模大十倍。在香港，肆虐的山火破壞了生態環境，在某些情況下還威脅到人類的財產和生命。香港目前的解決方案高度依賴人力，漁農自然護理署（AFCD）的消防人員在火災多發季節需要全天候24/7值班，以偵查和撲滅郊野公園內的山火。然而，這種方法是相當耗時、勞動密集和危險的。另一方面，一個無人機集群系統可以作為一個有前途的替代方案。在這項研究中，提議使用由兩隊組成的無人機群系統來探測和撲滅香港郊區的山火。特別是，一隊將定期在郊區巡邏，並檢測任何早期火災的冒煙。當發現火警時會向消防處（FSD）會發出警報。第二隊將配備小型滅火器，將啟動並飛往火場控制火勢蔓延，為消防員爭取時間。該系統將主要作為此類操作的支持模塊，以提高整體效率。該無人機集群系統由集群協調控制系統和火災探測和防火設施兩個主要單元組成。本研究主要專注於開發在香港郊區運行的無人機群協調控制系統。為此，將首先開發基於線性時序邏輯（LTL）方法的多無人機系統任務分解和分配模塊。該模塊被認為是必不可少的，因為它用於將任務分解為群體中每個無人機的特定和詳細的子任務。其次，將研究和設計一個傳感器融合模塊來進行感知，以便機器人能夠在不同的土地或森林條件下定位自己。通過這樣做，群中的每個無人機都可以生成對自身和周圍環境的準確估計，並進一步充當群控制系統的反饋信號。對於具有模糊、非線性、不確定性和自組織特性的多無人機系統，基於深度強化學習（RL）的控制模塊是較好的解決方案之一。該模塊的關鍵功能是優化代理在特定環境下執行的最終動作，最優結果通常表示為累積獎勵。簡而言之，強化學習的核心思想是通過設置獎勵函數，讓智能體在與環境的交互中學習。同時，這種基於深度強化學習的協調控制將與基於傳感器融合的狀態估計模塊緊密結合。在不同的地方，當狀態估計模塊感知到無人機周圍環境的變化時，來自 RL 的控制策略將相應地改變，以更好地適應實時情況。該項目將從上述三個模塊的開發開始，然後進行軟件在環仿真。然後將解決模擬到真實的問題。完成後，最終確定的系統預計將有大約 10 架無人機在郊區巡邏。這項研究工作的成果具有學術和實際意義，並符合香港未來的發展，以實現智慧城市。

In the summer of 2019, large-scale forest fires caused severe damage to the forests of France, Greece and the United States. In December of the same year, Australia experienced a black summer caused by a series of forest fires, 10 times the normal scale. In Hong Kong, wildfires damaged the environment and, in some cases, threatened human property and life. Hong Kong’s current solution was highly human-based, and firefighters of the AFCD needed to learn 24/7 shifts throughout the season of fire, to detect and destroy the fires in suburban parks. However, this method was very time-consuming, intense and dangerous.

 

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