关于货币的定义有很多，但是我们在考试中主要参照的是马克思主义货币学说。马克思货币学说是马克思关于货币的起源和本质、货币职能及其运动规律的学说。马克思以劳动价值论为基础，研究了价值形式从简单的价值形式到扩大的价值形式，再到一般价值形式，最后发展为货币形式的四个阶段。马克思指出货币是从商品世界中分离出来的固定地充当一般等价物的特殊商品，体现着商品生产者之间的社会生产关系，从而阐明了货币的起源和本质。
There are many definitions of currency, but we refer mainly to Marxist monetary theory in our examinations. Marxian monetary theory is Marxian theory about the origin and nature of money, monetary functions, and the rules of movement.
马克思认为，货币具有五种主要职能，即价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段、世界货币，其中前两种职能是货币最基本的职能，后三种职能是随着商品经济的发展，从基本职能中派生出来的。货币是商品使用价值和价值之间矛盾对立发展的产物，它使得商品的内在矛盾转化为商品和货币之间的外部对立，它也将随着生产的发展和商品的消亡而最终趋于消亡。马克思认为，在实物货币条件下，流通中的货币必要量等于待实现的商品总量与商品货币价格之积除以货币流通速度的商，而纸币不外是实物货币的符号，服从于上述规律。
Marx believes that money has five main functions, namely value scales, means of circulation, means of storage, means of payment, and the world currency, the first two of which are the most basic of monetary functions, which are derived from basic functions as the commodity economy evolves. Money is the product of a contradictory development between the value of goods used and the value, which transforms the inherent contradictions of commodities into an external confrontation between commodities and currencies, and will eventually disappear with the development of production and the demise of commodities. Marx believes that, under the conditions of physical currency, the necessary amount in circulation is equal to the amount of goods to be achieved in aggregate and the price of commodities, in addition to the market at the speed of their circulation, and that paper currency is not only the symbol of physical currency, which is subject to the above-mentioned rule.
由上可知，纸币不外是实物货币的符号。我们具体来看下纸币的含义，纸币是代替金属货币进行流通的由国家(或某些地区)发行并强制使用的价值符号。与金属货币相比，纸币的制作成本低，更易于保管携带和运输，避免了铸币在流通中的磨损。但是纸币只能执行货币的部分职能：流通手段和支付手段，部分国家的纸币还可以执行世界货币职能(如美元、欧元、英镑、日元、人民币等)。
As you can see from the above, paper currency is not a sign of money in kind. In particular, the meaning of paper currency is that it is a value symbol issued by the state (or in certain areas) and used by the state as a substitute for the circulation of metal currency. The cost of making paper currency is lower than metal currency, and it is easier to keep it and transport it, avoiding wear and tear in circulation. But paper currency can only perform part of the function of currency: means of circulation and means of payment, and some countries can also perform world currency functions (e.g., the United States dollar, the euro, the pound sterling, the yen, the renminbi, etc.).
人民币是中华人民共和国的法定货币，由中华人民共和国授权中国人民银行发行。国家不可以任意发行纸币，纸币的发行量必须以流通中所需要的货币量为限度。
The renminbi is the legal currency of the People’s Republic of China. The People’s Republic of China authorizes the People’s Bank of China to issue it.
中国人民银行早在2014年就已提出，数字人民币其功能和属性与纸币相似，只不过形态是数字化的。数字人民币由中国人民银行发行，是有国家信用背书、有法偿能力的法定货币。与比特币等虚拟币相比，数字人民币是法定货币，与法定货币等值，与纸钞硬币等价，具有价值特征和法偿性，支持可控匿名，其效力和安全性是最高的，而比特币是一种虚拟资产，没有任何价值基础，也不享受任何主权信用担保，无法保证价值稳定。这是央行数字货币与比特币等加密资产的最根本区别。而且数字人民币具有如下特征：(1)双离线，交易双方在没有网络的情况下也可以进行交易;(2)数字钱包，微信、支付宝等需要绑定银行卡等，而数字人民币无需账户也能运行;(3)法偿性，使用数字人民币转账支付对方不可拒收;(4)替代M0，功能与纸币现金相同。
As early as 2014, the People’s Bank of China has suggested that the functions and attributes of the digital renminbi are similar to those of the paper currency, except that the form is digital. The digital renminbi is issued by the People’s Bank of China, with a national endorsement of credit and a legally capable legal currency.
同时数字人民币与第三方支付也存在着区别，现行电子支付属于商业银行存款货币结算，只是一种支付方式，而数字人民币属于流通中的现金，任何机构和个人不得拒收。
At the same time, there is a distinction between the digital renminbi and third-party payments, where the electronic payment in force is a monetary settlement of deposits by commercial banks and is merely a form of payment, while the digital renminbi is a cash in circulation and no institution or individual may refuse to accept it.
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