加拿大最大比特币交易所 QuadrigaCX 近日发生创始人意外病逝，交易所冷钱包私钥随之丢失，如今可能多达价值 1.47 亿美元资产无法访问、总计欠下客户 1.9 亿美元巨债的离谱事件。此事也暴露出现行加密货币私钥保管方式仍存在严重漏洞，也缺乏可靠的托管机制，持币者随时曝露在高度风险之下。
The recent accidental death of the founder of Canada’s largest Bitcoin Exchange, Quadriga CX, and the subsequent loss of the exchange’s cold wallet’s private key may now amount to an unaccessible asset of up to $147 million, with a total debt of $190 million owed to its clients. It also reveals serious loopholes in the way in which encrypted currency private keys are kept, as well as a lack of reliable hosting mechanisms, with currency holders exposed to high risk at any time.
QuadrigaCX 交易所储存了至多达 1.9 亿美元等值加密货币冷钱包，但其私钥仅由创始人兼首席执行官科顿（Gerald Cotten）独自保管，未设任何防护措施。由于科顿日前意外病逝，其保管的私钥也因此丢失。QuadrigaCX 如今面临对客户欠下天文债款的窘境，已向加拿大法院申请债权人保护。
The QuadrigaCX Exchange has stored up to $190 million worth of encrypted currency cold wallets, but its private key is held solely by the founder and chief executive officer, Gerald Cotten, without any safeguards. As a result of Cotton’s recent accident, his private key is lost. QuadrigaCX is now in a state of distress with its clients’ natural debt, and has applied to the Canadian courts for creditor protection.
(图片来源：维基百科)
(picture source: Wikipedia)
根据外媒 Coindesk 取得的一份法庭文件显示，QuadrigaCX 交易所积欠客户的加密货币和法币资金合计约达 2.5 亿加元（1.9 亿美元），且其中多数资金目前处于无法访问的状态。
According to a court document obtained by Foreign Media Coindesk, the QuadrigaCX Exchange accumulates approximately $250 million ($190 million) in encrypted currency and French funds owed to its clients, most of which are currently in a non-accessible position.
QuadrigaCX 团队在柯顿过世后试图努力恢复密钥，但迄今为止成效有限。
The Quadriga CX team tried to restore the key after Coton died, but to date it has had limited success.
据报道，科顿于 2018 年 12 月初因染上克罗恩病（Crohn's disease），一种原因不明的肠道疾病，而死于印度斋浦尔（Jaipur）。科顿生前独自保管 Quadrigacx 冷钱包私钥，包含妻子在内，其他人都不知道
Colton reportedly died in early December of an undisclosed intestinal disease from Crohn's disease in Jaipur, India.
根据在 1 月底向 Nova Scotia 最高法院提交的宣誓证词显示，截至 2019 年 1 月 31 日，共有大约 115,000 名用户在 Quadrigacx 注册开户，该交易所帐上余额约有法币 7,000 万加元，以及价值 1.8 亿加元的加密货币。
According to affidavits submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia at the end of January, as of 31 January 2019, approximately 115,000 users were registered to open accounts in Quadrigacx, with a balance of approximately $70 million in French on the exchange and $180 million worth of encrypted currency.
这 1.8 亿加元加密货币可分为大约 26,500 枚比特币（约合 9230 万美元）、11,000 枚比特币现金（约合 130 万美元），11,000 枚比特币现金 SV（约合 707,000 美元），35,000 枚比特币黄金（约合 352,000 美元），近 200,000 枚卢比币（约合 650 万美元）和约 430,000 以太坊（约合 4600 万美元）根据宣誓书，总计约合 1.47 亿美元。
This $180 million encoded currency can be divided into approximately 26,500 bitcoins (approximately $99.3 million), 11,000 bitcoins in cash (approximately $1.3 million), 11,000 bitcoins in cash SVs (approximately $707,000), 35,000 bitcoins in gold (approximately $352,000), nearly 200,000 rupees (approximately $6.5 million) and approximately 430,000 Etherias (approximately $46 million) totalling approximately $147 million, based on affidavits.
目前尚不清楚交易所将多少加密货币存放于冷钱包，多少存放在热钱包中。但根据科顿的遗孀罗伯森（Jennifer Robertson）表示，只有极少量的币”是存放在热钱包中，但未提供具体数字。
It is not clear how much encrypted money is stored in cold wallets and how much in hot wallets. According to the widow of Coton, Jennifer Robertson, only a very small amount of money is stored in hot wallets, but no specific figures are provided.
罗伯森表示，该交易所的正常程序是（QuadrigaCX 创始人兼首席执行官科顿）将大部分加密货币转移到冷钱包，目的是保护加密货币免受黑客攻击或盗窃。”而每当热钱包中余额不足时，也是由科顿手动将资金从冷钱包中转移到热钱包。
Robertson stated that the normal procedure for the exchange was (Quadriga CX founder and CEO Coton) to transfer most of the encrypted money to cold wallets in order to protect them from hacking or theft.” Whenever the balance in the hot wallet was insufficient, Coton also manually transferred the money from the cold wallet to the hot wallet.
她补充指出，只有科顿一人有权处理资金和加密货币，其他团队成员从不曾接触到交易所的冷钱包。
She added that Coton alone had the right to dispose of funds and encrypted money and that other team members had never had access to the exchange's cold wallets.
而这也暴露出，或许科顿的逝世是出于意外，但交易所的私钥丢失却不是。加密货币行业长期以来缺乏资产保管安全意识，也缺乏统一标准，各交易所如何保管客户动辄数以亿计美元的高额资产，往往极不透明，且普遍存在重大缺失。
And it also reveals that Corton’s death may have been an accident, but the exchange’s private key has not been lost. The crypto-currency industry has long lacked a sense of security in asset custody, as well as uniform standards on how exchanges can hold hundreds of millions of dollars of high-value assets, often highly opaque and pervasively missing.
一位专精区块链与加密货币的律师 Chetan Phull 就对《温哥华太阳报》（ Vancouver Sun）表示，像 QuadrigaCX 这样的加密货币交易所，经常以准银行”（quasi-banks）的方式运营，但却不需遵守任何银行和信用合作社的监管或保障措施。
Chetan Phull, a lawyer who specializes in block chains and encrypted money, has stated to Vancouver Sun that an encrypted currency exchange such as QuadrigaCX often operates as a quasi-banks, but is not subject to the supervision or safeguards of any bank or credit union.
这说明了加拿大在加密货币方面的监管环境是多么模糊，而且确实需要改变，否则另一个案例可能就在眼前，”他说。
This illustrates how vague Canada's regulatory environment with respect to encrypted money is and indeed needs to be changed, otherwise another case might be in the immediate future”, he said.
尽管交易所对客户负有保管责任，但实际上许多平台根本没有能力负责，每当发生如骇客盗窃或私钥丢失这类重大意外发生时，交易所只能倒闭了事，而客户很可能求偿无门。
While the exchange has custody responsibilities towards its customers, in practice many platforms do not have the capacity to be held accountable, and whenever major accidents such as hacker theft or loss of private keys occur, the exchange is closed down and customers are likely to have no recourse.
如今，面对这 1.47 亿美元巨额资产，Quadrigacx 交易所的客户很或许将只能眼看着资金储存在冷钱包中，但却永远再也无法动用。
Now, in the face of this $147 million in huge assets, the customers of the Quadrigacx Exchange will probably only look at the funds stored in cold wallets, but they will never be able to use them again.
针对加密货币私钥保管风险的问题，目前其实已经有一些技术解决方案，如多重签名可以使签名其中一方因故无法操作后，其他签名者仍具备资产的控制权。但这些防护措施都需要预先进行。就现有技术而言，没有防护措施的加密私钥一旦确定遗失，几乎不可能有复原方式。
There are, in fact, some technical solutions to the risk of the safe keeping of cryptographic currency private keys, such as multiple signatures that make it impossible for one of the signatories to operate, while the other signatory still has control of the asset. These safeguards need to be pre-empted. As far as available technology is concerned, it is almost impossible to recover an encrypted private key without protection once it is determined that it has been lost.
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