文｜深潮DeepFlow
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USDT等加密货币，正在变成收取毒资的“绿色通道”。
Encrypted currencies such as USDT are becoming “green corridors” for receiving drug money.
“相比于微信支付宝转账，加密货币的流动没有可完全证实的信息可查。买卖双方都安全。“一涉毒人士在自建博客网站上写道。
"The movement of encrypted money is not fully verifiable by comparison with the transfer of micro-mail payment treasures. Both sides of the trade are safe. "A drug-related person writes on his own blog site.
加密货币，金融史上的一个伟大实验。它的发明始于2009年名为“中本聪”的账号写的一篇论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》，天生带着去杠杆和硬通货的使命，也埋下了一颗定时炸弹——由于匿名化特点，如今逐渐沦为犯罪分子的最爱，其中USDT（泰达币）最受欢迎。
Encrypted money, a great experiment in financial history. Its invention began with a paper, Bitcoin: an electronic cash system with a point-to-point, written in 2009, with a natural mission of deleveraging and hard currency, and a time bomb — which, because of its anonymity, is now becoming the favorite of criminals, of which the USDT (Tedaco) is the most popular.
不只限于买卖毒品，USDT还被应用至网络赌博、洗钱、资金外逃等黑色产业。
The USDT is also used in black industries such as Internet gambling, money laundering, money flight, etc.
深潮TechFlow采访、调研加密货币黑色产业链当事人，试图呈现USDT隐秘的角落。
Deep-seated TechFlow interviews, researches the black chain parties of the encrypted currency, and attempts to present the hidden corners of the USDT.
用USDT买大麻
“相比于微信支付宝转账，加密货币的流动没有可完全证实的信息可查。买卖双方都安全。”周晓（化名）在自建的博客网站上写道。 "The movement of encrypted money is not fully verifiable by comparison with the transfer of micro-mail payment treasures. Both parties are safe to buy and sell." Zhou Xiao wrote on his own blog site. 周晓称，因为比特币，找自己买“飞叶子”的人不用担心，在交易所购买比特币需要实名认证，但这只能证明你买过比特币（投资过比特币），至于比特币去了哪儿，为什么去哪里，“你不主动说，没人知道”。 Zhou Xiao Xiao said that because of Bitcoin, those who seek to buy their own “flying leaves” did not worry that buying bitcoins on the exchange required a real name certification, but that only proved that you had bought bitcoins, and that as for bitcoins, where they went, why, “No one knows if you don't say it yourself”. “你可以说自己看比特币今年涨势喜人，投资了一些比特币玩。然后转去自己另外的比特币钱包了。另外的钱包密码啥的我写在纸上，不见了，这几天我还在找呢。”他介绍。 "You can say that you saw bitcoin rise this year and invested some bitcoin in it. And then you turned to your other bitcoin wallet. I wrote it on paper. It's gone. I've been looking for it for a few days." He introduced me. 周晓经营着一家毒品线上交易平台，主要帮国内玩家代购大麻、LSD等新型毒品。 Zhou Xiao Xiao runs a drug online trading platform, mainly to help domestic players purchase new drugs such as marijuana and LSD. 像周晓这样用加密货币买卖毒品、“拿命赚钱”的人不在少数。 There are not many people who sell drugs in encrypted currency like Zhou Xiao, “making money for their lives”. 据正义网报道，长春市一夫妻用比特币地址来收取、转移毒资。 According to the Justice Network, a couple in Changchun used the Bitcoin address to collect and transfer the drug money. 妻子刘某将自己的比特币账号交给了丈夫马某。马某利用该账户收取毒资，并提现至刘某银行卡转移毒资，共计10 万余元。 The wife gave her bitcoin account to her husband. 检察官审查案件后认为，刘某在明知马某贩卖毒品的情况下，仍将比特币账户提供给马某用于收取毒资并提供银行卡转移毒资，行为符合洗钱罪的构成要件。 After examining the case, the prosecutor concluded that Liu was in compliance with the constituent elements of the crime of money-laundering by making the Bitcoin account available to the horse for the purpose of collecting the drug and providing the bank card for the transfer of the drug. 今年 1 月 20 日，法院当庭采纳检察机关的量刑建议，马某构成贩卖毒品罪，被判处有期徒刑三年二个月，刘某构成洗钱罪，被判处有期徒刑六个月。 On 20 January of this year, the court took the recommendation of the Public Prosecutor's Office that Ma be convicted of drug trafficking and sentenced him to three years and two months'imprisonment and Liu to six months'imprisonment for money-laundering. 周晓之所以逍遥法外，是因为其比特币地址难以被追踪。他表示，自己的比特币地址通过椭圆加密算法批量离线生成，随意生成地址和相应密钥，无限制随便生成。 Zhou Xiao’s escape is due to the difficulty of tracking his bitcoin address. He states that his own bitcoin address is generated by a massive offline elliptical encryption algorithm, generated at will by the address and the corresponding key, and generated without restriction. 周晓曾选择3种加密货币用于转账：比特币、USDT和其自己发行的E-RMB。 chose three encrypted currencies for transfer: Bitcoin, USDT and its own issue of E-RMB. 他一开始选择比特币，后来，因为遭遇熊市BTC价格下跌，卖家要求保值交易，于是采用稳定币USDT转账。 He initially chose Bitcoin, and later, because of the fall in BTC prices in Bear City, the seller demanded a price-fixed transaction, and then introduced a stable currency USDT transfer. USDT是Tether公司推出的一种与法定货币美元挂钩的加密货币，1USDT=1美元， 即每发行1个 USDT 代币，其银行账户都会有1美元的资金保障。 USDT is an encrypted currency that is pegged to the United States dollar in the statutory currency introduced by Tether, 1 USDT = US$ 1, i.e., for every USDT token issued, its bank account has a financial guarantee of US$ 1. 近期他还预备推出电子人民币E-RMB。他介绍，该币安全、隐私度高度提高，币值稳定，始终与人民币1:1价格锚定，仅限于买过的老用户使用。 He also plans to launch the E-RMB in the near future. 像周晓这样精通加密货币并灵活运用的人，在灰产世界越来越多。他们游走在法律边缘，在加密货币的隐匿之下，“用命赚钱“。 More and more people like Zhou Xiao know how to encrypt money and use it flexibly in the grey world. They swim on the edge of the law, in the hiding of the encrypt money, “making money with their lives”. 加密货币的灰色世界 The grey world of encrypted currency “我账户上有九十万U（USDT）。”艾巴（化名）在缅甸勐拉经营一家线下赌场，他告诉笔者，每天需要将现金换成现汇或者USDT。 “I have 900,000 U (USDT) in my account.” Abba, who runs a front-line casino in Myanmar's Xira, told me that I needed to exchange cash for cash or USDT every day. Chainalysis报告数据显示，从2019年7月到2020年6月，有超过500亿美元加密货币从位于东亚地址转移到海外地址。其中超过180亿美元是USDT。 According to the Chainalysis report, between July 2019 and June 2020, more than $50 billion in encrypted currency was transferred from an address in East Asia to an overseas address. Over $18 billion of this amount was USDT. 加密货币在灰色产业主要呈现3种用途：贩毒、网赌和资金外逃。这是一条隐秘的灰色产业链，鱼龙混杂。 There are three main uses of encrypted currency in the grey industry: drug trafficking, netting, and money flight. This is a hidden grey industry chain, mixed with fish. 以跨境转账为例，一知乎用户在2016年介绍自己跨境转账的操作：在国内交易所购买比特币，转移至Bitfinex，提现之前，平台要认证个人信息，按照提示填上身份证，护照，住址证明。在提现后，平台会收取0.1%的手续费，最低20美金。这样整个比特币跨境汇款流程完成。 In the case of cross-border transfers, for example, it is clear that users will introduce themselves to cross-border transfers in 2016: purchase of bitcoin on a domestic exchange and transfer to Bitfinex, and before posting it, the platform is required to certify personal information, fill out identification cards, passports, and addresses. After posting, the platform will charge 0.1% of the fee, a minimum of $20. This will complete the entire Bitcoin cross-border remittance process. 知情人士告诉深潮TechFlow，以上具备实操性，自己试过将中国地址打到美国交易所，兑换美元转到美国账户，“但这只是个例”。 The informed sources told the deep-seated TechFlow that the above was practical and tried to send the Chinese address to the U.S. exchange and to transfer the United States dollar to the U.S. account “but this is just one example”. 如果上述操作仅限于个人摸索，需要自己承担风险，那随着数字货币的普及和发展，如今已经出现用加密货币跨境汇款的产业链。 If these operations are limited to personal contacts and involve taking risks on their own, with the spread and development of digital currency, there is now an industry chain of cross-border remittances in encrypted currency. “我们做美元和澳元。”纪楠（化名）称，自己提供收U（USDT）出法币（现汇）服务，只需要“告知我们收款银行，是私户还是公户，是哪个银行注册，在哪个地区注册的，一个工作日即可到账”。如果客户是个户，就以借款、欠款名义，如果客户是公户，就以劳务报酬名义。 “We make dollars and Australian dollars.” Kinan claims that it provides U (USDT) out-of-money (current) services only “to inform us of the receiving bank, whether it is a private or a public account, which bank is registered, and in which area it is registered, for a working day.” If the customer is a family, it is in the name of borrowing, arrears, and if the customer is a public household, in the name of remuneration for labour. 纪楠介绍，相比于传统银行电汇长至数周、高达5%的手续费，USDT转账的手续费更低（接近0）、转账即时到账。 Kinan reported that USDT transfers were less expensive (close to zero) than traditional bank wire transfers, which ranged from several weeks to up to 5 per cent of the charges. “最低5000（USDT），上不封顶，单笔超过100万（USDT），提前告诉我就好。“纪楠称，客户转账用途一般是做美股交易或者买房、移民。 “A minimum of 5000 (USDT), not capped, and more than 1 million single (USDT), just tell me in advance.” Kinan says that customer transfers are usually made for sale in United States shares or for the purchase of housing, immigration, etc. 相比起上述用于跨境转账的“简单”操作，加密货币的专业跑分团伙则更加隐秘而庞大。 Compared to the “simple” operations described above, which are used for cross-border transfers, the specialized branch groups of encrypted money are more secret and larger. “跑分”这个词，源于电脑或者手机的性能检测，但支付领域的跑分，却有新的含义。 The term “run score”, which is derived from performance testing of computers or mobile phones, has a new meaning when it comes to running in the area of payments. 以往，网络博彩平台会收购大量银行卡来收钱。但这样做，成本很高——收一张银行卡，成本成百上千。一旦银行卡被封，这些钱就打了水漂。 In the past, the Web Gambling Platform used to buy a lot of bank cards to collect money. But in doing so, it was very costly — a bank card at a cost of hundreds of thousands. Once the bank cards were sealed, the money ran out. 2018年后，跑分模式开始兴起。市场上出现了很多跑分平台，它们用众包的方式，让洗钱成本大大降低。这些跑分平台宣称“只要一张二维码，在家躺着都能赚钱”。 After 2018, the run-off model began to rise. There were a lot of run-off platforms in the market, which, in the form of crowdsourcing, significantly reduced the cost of money-laundering. 跑分玩家在跑分平台缴纳押金（比如说1万元），并上传自己的微信和支付宝收款二维码。而充值玩家通过支付方的对接，将钱打给跑分玩家，收满1万元后，跑分结束。跑分平台会给跑分玩家一定比例的收款佣金，并将一万元押金转给博彩平台。 Runners pay deposits (e.g. $10,000) on the running branch platform, and upload their own micro-mails and collect two-dimensional codes for the payment of the treasure. By docking with the payer, they call the money to the running player, collect the $10,000, and end the split. “类似于运送资金的滴滴打车，滴滴打车运的是人，我们运的是钱。”跑分人士介绍，整个过程中，博彩平台不参与资金流动，跑分玩家们成了洗钱工具。 “Similar to a drop-and-drop truck that delivers money, we transport money.” Runners introduce that, throughout the process, the lottery platform is not involved in the flow of money, and running players become money-laundering instruments. USDT跑分是用数字货币跑分支付的新模式。传统跑分，跑的是人民币；USDT跑分，跑的则是USDT。 The USDT score is a new way to run the split in digital currency. The traditional score is the renminbi; the USDT is the split; and the USDT is the run. 上述跑分人士介绍，USDT跑分最大的优势是去中心化交易，“都是客户与我们的司机（承兑商）在发生交易，中间没有资金池，有效的防止资金被大面积冻结。而且中间有USDT作为阻断，整个过程都是无痕交易，不会被追踪到去向。我们的交易量够大够分散”。 According to these runners, the greatest advantage of the USDT runs is to decentralize the transaction, “it is a transaction between the client and our driver (receiver), without a pool of funds, effectively preventing the funds from being frozen on a large scale. In the middle, the USDT is blocked, and the whole process is untraceable and untraceable. “我们是为博彩平台提供出入金服务的。”QQ上一跑分人士称，以加密货币USDT交易，“用本金赚取佣金，一单一结，一万本金挣150～200元佣金，直接回你银行卡上”。 “We are providing access money for the lottery platform.” According to QQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q & Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q, Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q @ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 据深潮TechFlow了解，这类跑分团伙在QQ群、百度贴吧、闲鱼等平台引流，然后于蝙蝠、电报、纸飞机等通讯软件沟通交易细节，并于交易所买入加密货币，最后将币转入跑分平台，最常用的加密货币是USDT。 According to TechFlow, this type of branch group flows through platforms such as the QQ Group, the 100-degree bar, the free fish, and then communicates the details of the transaction with communications software such as bats, telegrams, paper planes, buys encrypted currency on the exchange and eventually transfers the currency to the branching platform, the most commonly used of which is the USDT. “跑U的有是有，U进Y（人民币）出。那种特别少，90%以上都是坑人的资金盘或者骗子。”艾巴表示，就算见面交易，也有突然消失的。 "There's a U, and there's a U into Y. That's a very small number, and more than 90% of them are puddles or liars." Ebba said that even a meeting deal suddenly disappears. 法网恢恢，疏而不漏，一场针对加密货币洗钱的严打正在来袭。 The legal system has been restored, and a heavy blow is under way against the money-laundering of encrypted currency. 严打来袭 “不能像以前那么猖狂了。”艾巴介绍，最近风声紧了，他不再接受USDT业务，而是采用现金换现汇，比例是100:105。 “It can't be as crazy as it used to be.” Abba introduced that he had recently lost his USDT business to cash-for-money, at a ratio of 100:105. 9月24日，在北京举行的第九届中国支付清算论坛上，公安部国际合作局局长廖进荣指出，每年自中国境内流出涉赌资金超出一万亿元，特别点名加密货币被用于转移赌资。 On 24 September, the Director of the International Cooperation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, Liao Jin-hyong, stated in Beijing at the Ninth China Settlement Forum, that the annual outflow of gambling-related funds from China exceeds $1 trillion, with special designations of encrypted currency being used to transfer gambling funds. “在近期的案件当中，发现部分涉赌团伙利用虚拟货币收集转移赌资，甚至在缅甸部分地区以虚拟货币投资为由，行网络赌博之实。这类新型的数字货币通道不可冻结，匿名难以溯源，给我们打击治理工作带来了很大的挑战。” “In recent cases, some gambling groups have been found to be using virtual currency to collect transfer money, even in parts of Myanmar to gamble online on the grounds of virtual currency investment. Such new digital currency channels cannot be frozen, and anonymity is difficult to trace, posing a major challenge to our efforts to combat governance.” 今年以来，全国上下开展了如火如荼的“反洗钱”和断卡行动。 Since the beginning of the year, the country has been carrying out the most vigorous anti-money-laundering and anti-card operations. 10月10日，国务院打击治理电信网络新型违法犯罪工作部际联席会议部署在全国范围内开展“断卡”行动，严厉打击整治非法开办贩卖电话卡、银行卡违法犯罪。 On 10 October, a joint inter-ministerial meeting of the State Council on combating new types of offences against the telecommunications network was deployed throughout the country to conduct a nationwide “card-break” campaign to combat and combat illegal trafficking in telephone cards and bank cards. 而加密货币毫无疑问是打击的重点区域。部分加密货币OTC商也受此波及，被冻卡甚至调查。 And encrypting money is undoubtedly a priority area. Some of the encrypt money OTC dealers are affected by this, frozen cards and even investigated. 根据刑法关于洗钱罪立案标准，为洗钱行为“提供资金账户”，提供账户的人会被立案追诉，最高刑罚是“”处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处洗钱数额百分之五以上百分之二十以下罚金”。 In accordance with the criminal law criteria for the establishment of money-laundering offences, persons who provide accounts for money-laundering are liable to prosecution in a criminal case, with a maximum penalty of “five to ten years' imprisonment” and a fine of more than five to twenty per cent of the amount of money-laundering. 今年 6 月 8 日，惠州警方打掉了一个利用USDT数字货币经营第四方支付平台的犯罪团伙，共抓获涉案犯罪嫌疑人76名，查处涉案网络支付工作室4家，捣毁网络赌博团伙2个。 On 8 June of this year, the Huezhou police broke down a criminal gang that operated the quadripartite payment platform using the USDT digital currency. A total of 76 suspects were arrested, four cyber-payment studios were investigated and two cyber-gaming groups were dismantled. 该案是全国侦破的首例利用USDT数字货币为违法犯罪活动提供网络支付服务的案件。经初步核实，该平台运营近15个月，为境外120个赌博网站以及70家投资诈骗平台提供资金结算服务，涉案金额达1.2亿元。 This is the first case that has been detected throughout the country in which the USDT digital currency has been used to provide online payment services for criminal offences. 深潮 TechFlow 发现，USDT因为价值稳定、同样具备隐匿性，越来越受到犯罪分子的喜爱。上述的无论贩毒、网赌还是跨境转账，所使用的，无一例外皆是USDT。 TechFlow finds that the USDT is more and more popular with criminals because of its stable value and also its hidden nature. The above-mentioned drug trafficking, net gambling, and cross-border transfers, without exception, are used by the USDT. USDT成罪魁祸首？ You're the one who's responsible for this? 与大众观念不太一样的是，最受中国人欢迎的加密货币不是比特币，而是USDT。 Unlike popular perceptions, the most popular Chinese encoded currency is not bitcoin, but USDT. 根据Chainalysis报告，USDT在今年 6 月击败比特币，成为东亚最受欢迎的加密货币。而其中，中国所占比例最高。报告称，“Tether已成为中国加密货币用户事实上的法币替代品，并且是向比特币和其他标准加密货币过渡的主要手段”。 According to the Chainalysis report, USDT defeated Bitcoin in June this year, making it the most popular encrypted currency in East Asia. Of these, China has the highest share. “Teth has become a de facto French currency substitute for Chinese cryptographic currency users and is the main means of transition to Bitcoin and other standard cryptographic currencies.” 根据谷歌趋势，USDT热度在中国大陆是最大的，辐射至整个华人区 According to Google trends, the USDT heat is the largest in mainland China, with radiation reaching the entire Chinese district. 当前 USDT 的总市值超过 191 亿美元，但 2017 年，这个数字也就差不多 1 亿的规模。短短 3 年，USDT市值实现了 191 倍的跨越式增长。 The current total market value of USDT is more than $19.1 billion, but in 2017 it was almost 100 million in size. In just three years, USDT market value increased 191 times. 这些被迅速增发的USDT应用场景在哪里呢？ Where are these fast-growing USDT applications? 早在 2019 年 7 月，Coindesk就报道过USDT被用于俄罗斯跨境贸易的案例，“销售额里20%是比特币，80%是USDT”，一位俄罗斯OTC商人表示，“中国企业购买的USDT一天购买的总量可达到 1000 万至 3000 万美元”。 As early as July 2019, Coindesk reported cases of USDT being used for cross-border trade in Russia, “20 per cent of sales were in bitcoin and 80 per cent in USDT”, and a Russian OTC businessman said that “USDT purchases by Chinese enterprises could amount to between US$ 10 million and US$ 30 million a day”. 事实上，USDT已成为最“出圈”的加密货币，和灰产联系也最紧密。围绕USDT的犯罪事件愈演愈烈。中国检察网数据显示，今年来已经有85例USDT关联犯罪案件，而在2020年之前，只有5 例。 In fact, the USDT has become the most “circumcised” currency, and has the closest connection to the ashes. Crime around the USDT is getting worse. 这一趋势已为各国监管所察觉，立法正在逼近。 This trend has been detected by national regulation and legislation is approaching. 欧盟在 9 月正式提出加密资产和稳定币的监管框架，明确表示将欧盟现有金融类法律未涵盖的所有加密资产纳入监管中。 In September, the EU formally introduced a regulatory framework for cryptographic assets and currency stability, making clear that all encrypted assets not covered by existing EU financial class laws were subject to regulation. 日前英国财政部发表声明，正在起草规范私人稳定币，也在研究央行数字货币作为现金替代品的可能性。 A recent statement by the United Kingdom Treasury Department was in the process of drafting regulations governing private currency stability and examining the possibility of central bank digital currency as an alternative to cash. 回到国内，2020年10月23日公示的《中国人民银行法》修订意见稿第二十二条规定：“任何单位和个人不得制作、发售代币票券和数字代币，以代替人民币在市场上流通。” Returning to the country, article 22 of the revised version of the People's Bank of China Act, published on 23 October 2020, provides that: “No unit or individual shall make or issue coupons and digital tokens in exchange for the circulation of the renminbi on the market”. 据上文所述，USDT在跨境转账、洗钱灰产等领域已经取代人民币法币的地位，并且还是中国加密货币用户事实上的法币替代品。 According to the above, the USDT has replaced the renminbi in areas such as cross-border transfers, money-laundering and ash production, and is a de facto French currency substitute for Chinese users of encrypted currency. USDT会暴雷吗？何时暴雷？这恐怕是悬在每个加密货币用户头顶的问题。 Could the USDT be a thunderstorm? When is a thunderstorm? I'm afraid it's stuck at the top of every encrypted currency user. 在一些极客眼里，技术是无罪的，只是为不怀好意的人所用。但越来越多的加密货币犯罪案件出现也在提醒我们，技术并不能为人性之恶完全洗脱责任。 In some extremes, technology is innocent, only for those who do not like it. But the growing number of cases of crypto-money crime is also a reminder that technology does not completely absolve us of responsibility for the evils of humanity. “The Genie is out of the Bottle”（妖怪已经放出了瓶子）。比特币钱包公司Xapo 总裁 Ted Rogers这样形容BCH分叉内战。这句谚语源自《一千零一夜》里阿拉丁神灯的故事，意思是妖怪一旦放出瓶子，就会对世界产生不可逆的负面影响。如今这句话依然可以用在USDT等加密货币身上。 The Genie is out of the Bottle. The BCH Civil War is described as being by Ted Rogers, the president of Bitco’s wallet company Xapo. The saying comes from the story of the Aladdin lamp in One Hundred and One Night, which means that when the demon releases the bottle, it will have an irreversible negative effect on the world. “比特币天生带有去杠杆和硬通货的使命，USDT是现在交易所高杠杆之源。一种货币有更多人用理论上是好事，但如果用途仅限于黑产和投机，是不是该审视一下加密货币的初心呢？”MakerDAO中国区负责人潘超曾如此评论道。 “Bitcoin is born with deleveraging and hard currency, and the USDT is now a source of high leverage on the exchange. It is good to have more money in theory, but if the use is limited to black production and speculation, should we look at the heart of encrypted money?” （尊重受访者意见，周晓、艾巴、纪楠均为化名） (respecting the views of the interviewees, Xiao, Abba and Kinan are aliases) 
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