把握区块链最新发展动态：亚太以太坊大会精华回顾

雷锋网AI金融评论报道，12月3日，灵钛科技发起主办了亚太以太坊社区技术培训及交流大会，邀请包括以太坊创始人Vitalik Buterin在内的以太坊技术领军人物、应用开发者及业内研究人士参与。这么多位代表了以太坊前沿动态和最新发展的专业人士齐聚一堂，为在场听众分享了哪些以太坊相关的进展消息？展望未来，又描绘了以太坊和区块链怎么样的进步前景？

On December 3th, Tianlian Technology launched the Asia Pacific Ether Community Technology Training and Exchange Conference, which brought together Ether technology leaders, application developers, and industry researchers, including the founder of Ether, Vitalik Buterin. So many of them represented Ether’s cutting-edge and state-of-the-art development professionals and shared with the audience what Ether’s progress related to it? Looking ahead, what are the prospects for progress in Ether’s and sector chains?

据雷锋网AI金融评论在现场的了解，涵盖此前AI金融评论报道的Vitalik Buterin关于解决以太坊隐私性问题的演讲在内，除去数个建基在以太底层架构的DApp应用项目介绍外，该交流大会当天的演讲大致可分为以太坊基础生态建设和区块链经济价值两大类。以下为亚太以太坊社区技术培训及交流大会深圳站诸位嘉宾的演讲精编，雷锋网AI金融评论做了不改变原意的修改：

In addition to several presentations on the application of the Dapp project, which is based on the bottom structure of the Ether, the conference's presentation on the day can be divided into two main categories, basic ecological construction in the etherms and the economic value of the block chain. The following is an excerpt from a presentation by a guest at the Shenzhen station of the Asia-Pacific Conference for Technical Training and Exchange of the Asia-Pacific Etherms:

在《以太坊分片概说》为题目的演讲中，以太坊研究者王筱维从以太坊现正运行的节点入手，论述区块链可扩展性问题及去中心化、安全性在内的三重困境，将如何通过分片（Sharding）方案着手解决。

In a presentation on the theme of the Taiyet Festival, starting with the node in which the Ether House is now operating, Taiyu Researcher Wang Xiaowei addressed the problem of the expansion of the block chain and the triple dilemma of de-centralization and security, and how it would be addressed through the Shalding programme.

她的演讲第一部分聚焦在以太坊现正通行的1.0节点构成的P2P网络。王筱维介绍道，作为以太坊1.0中的一个全节点（full node），需要完成以太坊虚拟机（EVM）字节代码的执行、各账户交易状态变更等工作，对于矿工而言，则需运行工作量证明算法来挖矿，在以太坊虚拟机平行化执行的情况下，每一个节点都需记录每一笔交易。

The first part of her presentation focused on the P2P network, consisting of the 1.0 nodes that are now in use in Taiku. Wang Shauwei introduced that, as a full node (full node) of the 1.0 in Taiyem, the execution of the EVM byte code, changes in the status of the transactions in the accounts, etc. For miners, there is a need to run workload proof algorithms for mining, and each node is required to record every transaction in parallel with the etai virtual machine.

每次收到一个新的区块，需要去执行每一笔交易，尽管这样区块链的安全性和去中心特质得到了保证，但随着数据存储的规模越来越大，这样的机制很难长久保持下去。正如Vitalik Buterin所定义的区块链“三重困境”，即无法同时兼顾拥有去中心化、安全性和可扩展性三方面的特性。

Each time a new block is received, each transaction needs to be carried out, and while the security and decentricity of the block chain is guaranteed, such a mechanism will be difficult to sustain over time as data are stored on an ever-increasing scale. As Vitalik Buterin defines the block chain as a “triple dilemma” that does not take into account the three dimensions of decentralisation, security, and scalability.

如在前述的每个节点负责处理区块链的工作时，有可能出现某一节点优先验证某些交易的情况，这样另一些交易的安全性就会被削弱。

When dealing with block chains at each of the above-mentioned nodes, there may be a situation where one node gives priority to the validation of certain transactions, thereby reducing the security of other transactions.

由此她开始介绍分片（sharding）解决方案。与Vitalik Buterin将分片比作为“宇宙”（Universes）类似，王筱维称，在区块链上进行数据储存时，可以将这些分片看成一个个“星系”（Galaxy），它们相互独立运作，彼此间不会受到干扰。

This led her to introduce the sharding solution. Similar to Vitalik Buterin’s comparison of the fragments as the “Cosmos” (Universes), Wang Xiaowei claims that when data are stored on the block chain, they can be seen as a “Galaxy” that operates independently of one another and is not disturbed by one another.

但与此同时，它们各自之间并非毫不相干，分片上的交易结果等数据，将会以标题（header）的形式与主链上的区块标题一一对应起来;在采用了工作量证明的区块链上，各区块的发起人被称之为“矿工”，对应在分叉链上，则设置了校对者（collator）的角色；在共识机制方面，目前以太坊采用的是工作量证明（PoW）的方式，还有实施权益证明的Casper计划在测试网络中运行，在分叉链上，将会通过验证管理合约（validator manager contract）的途径来对主链采用的共识机制进行验证，从而决定分叉链的共识机制。

At the same time, however, they were not unrelated to each other; data such as the outcome of the transactions on the fragments would correspond in the form of a title (header) to the heading of the block on the main chain; the sponsors of the blocks would be referred to as “miners” in the chain of blocks with certified workload; the role of proofreaders (collator) should be set up on the fork chain; in the case of consensus mechanisms, the way in which the PoW was currently being used in the Pacific, and in the case of the enforcement certificate Casper planned to operate in the network of tests, and on the fork chain, the consensus mechanism used in the main chain would be validated by means of the certification of the management contract (validator manager control), which would determine the consensus mechanism for the for the fork chain.

王筱维介绍道，验证管理合约具有以下功能：存款、提现、取样和写入标题。透过这个验证器，参与者需要交付押金，才有被随机取样的可能性，被列到参与验证的名单中，并把分片上的部分数据即校对者写入主链。

Wang Xavii explained that the certification management contract has the following functions: deposit, cash withdrawal, sampling, and writing to the title. Through this validator, participants need to deliver a deposit before they have the possibility of being randomly sampled and placed on the list of participants, with some of the data on the fragments, i.e. the proofreader, in the main chain.

 特别注意的是，当有需要进行分叉时，分片上的的分叉选择结果将会根据主链的分叉结果来决定：

& nbsp; particular attention is given to the fact that when a fork is required, the fork selection results on the segment will be determined on the basis of the fork results of the main chain:

如图所示，以蓝色方框标识的分片会跟着较长的一条主链，从状态B到状态C时，由于其只存在于上面的一条主链，故分叉链仅会以上面一条主链为分叉选择的结果。

As shown in the figure, the blue box-marked segment follows a long chain from state B to status C, and as it exists only in the upper chain, the fork-chain is selected only as a result of the above chain.

在这个分片解决方案中，王筱维接着介绍了一种数据储存结构的全新设计：无状态客户端。随着以太坊区块链中的地址数量不断增长，每笔交易在同步的过程中形成的数据存储量非常巨大。在以太坊区块链的数据结构中，每个账户发生交易后，只有其所在路径的哈希值才会发生变动--

In this split solution, Wang Xiaowei goes on to present a completely new design for a data storage structure: an innocuous client. As the number of addresses in the community block chain continues to grow, the amount of data stored during the synchronization of each transaction is enormous. In the data structure of the community block chain, when each account is traded, only the Hashi value of the path in which it is located changes.

根据这个特性，她提出名为“Witness“的计算模式：即当某个分片在确定时间内取样后，其无状态客户端（节点）便能向全节点进行快速同步，而全节点只需要储存状态根（state root）即可，大大减少数据存储的负荷。

Based on this characteristic, she proposed a calculation model called “Witness”: when a fragment is sampled at a given time, its inactive client end (node) can quickly synchronize to the full node, which only needs to store the state root and significantly reduce the load of data stored.

林修平：“金库”模式避免代币被小偷劫持

由此整个生成流程比较复杂麻烦，在交易中需要更多的等待时间，交易的延迟也会更长。而在以太坊的多签名钱包中，在收集了多个公钥之后，通过智能合约将这多把公钥的主人设为该合约的拥有人来生成该多签名钱包。林修平说，将钱存进去这个智能合约后，与比特币不一样，以太坊的交易以账户为单位，故在交易中只有将存入账户的金额花光，这个钱包才会消失。

As a result, the entire generation process is complicated and requires more waiting time in the transaction, and more delays in the transaction. In Ether’s multi-signature wallet, after collecting multiple public keys, the owner of the public key is created by means of an intelligent contract with the owner of the contract. Lin Shuping says that after depositing the money into the smart contract, unlike Bitcoin, the transaction is accounted for in the account, so that the wallet disappears only if the amount deposited into the transaction is spent.

并且，在以太坊的多签名钱包里，用户可以随时管理、新增或修改智能合约拥有人，从而任意更改多签名钱包的用户。而这在比特币的多签名钱包中没有办法实现，一旦需要变更，就只能重新部署一个多签名钱包。

Moreover, in Ether's multi-signature wallet, users can manage, add, or modify the owner of a smart contract at any time, thus changing the user of a multi-signature wallet at any time. This is not possible in Bitcoin’s multi-signature wallet, which can only be redeployed once a change is needed.

除此以外，林修平还介绍道，以太坊的多签名钱包可通过智能合约动态设置需收集签名数量，从而赋予了这个多签名钱包更大的操作自由度。

In addition to this, Lin Shouping also explained that the multi-signature wallet of Tai Tai can be used to collect the number of signatures through smart contract dynamics, thereby giving the multi-signature wallet greater operational freedom.

在金库（Vault）模式中，每笔放入多签名钱包的钱取出都需要一定的时间来确认交易。如果发生私钥被偷的情况，当用户想要把钱取走时，盗得私钥的小偷有可能会取消该笔交易而对这笔钱进行“劫持”，甚至部署一个智能合约来和钱包主人做交易，如设置一个将该笔金额的5%发至一个地址而剩余的95%发至另一个地址的合约规则。

In the Vault model, it takes a certain amount of time to confirm the transaction by taking out every money placed in a multi-signature wallet. In the event of a private key being stolen, a thief who steals a private key may “kidnap” the transaction and even deploys a smart contract to deal with the wallet owner, for example, by setting a contractual rule whereby 5 per cent of the amount is sent to one address and 95 per cent to another.

为了防止上述情况的发生，创造了加入第三方的2.0版本金库，规定在请求交易时，钱包用户和第三方都会得知这一消息，且第三方提起请求所需时间更长。

In order to prevent the above from happening, a version 2.0 treasury, which joins third parties, was created, providing that both wallet users and third parties would be informed of this information at the time of the request for a transaction and that the third party would take longer to file a request.

这样在发起一笔交易的时候，出现钱包用户忘记私钥情况时，用户可以联系第三方来将钱转走；而出现拥有者的私钥被盗的情况时，由于所需时间更长，用户可以极快地拒绝由小偷发起的取钱请求；还有，钱包用户可以通过智能合约与第三方制定特殊的取钱请求，当用户私钥被盗时仍能通过第三方将钱取走，避免被小偷劫持钱包的风险。

Thus, when a transaction is initiated, when a wallet user forgets a private key, the user may contact a third party to transfer the money; when the owner's private key is stolen, because of the longer time it takes, the user can very quickly reject a request for money from a thief; and when a wallet user makes a special request for money from a third party through an intelligent contract, it can still take the money away through a third party when the user's private key is stolen, avoiding the risk of a wallet being hijacked by a thief.

Vitalik Buterin：零知识证明等四种方案解决以太坊隐私性问题

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