区块链的技术特征及不足

(1)去中心。在区块链中，不存在中心化的硬件或管理机构，分布式的结构体系和开源协议让所有的参与者都参与数据的记录和验证，再通过分布式传播发送给各个节点，每个参与的节点都是“自中心”，权利和义务都是均等的。区块链又不是简单的去中心，而是多中心或弱中心。当物联网使所有个体都有可能成为中心节点时，传统金融中介的中心地位发生改变，从垄断型、资源优势型的中心和强中介转化为开放式平台，成为服务导向式的多中心当中的差异化中心。

(1) goes to the centre. In the block chain, there is no centralized hardware or regulatory body, distributed structural systems and open source agreements that involve all participants in data recording and validation, and sent to all nodes through distribution, each participating node being “self-centre”, with equal rights and obligations. The block chain is not simply a centre, but a multi-centre or weak centre. When the network makes all individuals potentially central nodes, the central position of traditional financial intermediaries changes from monopolistic, resource-oriented centres and strong intermediaries to open platforms, becoming centres of differentiation within service-oriented multi-centres.

(2)去信任。从信任的角度来看，区块链采用一套公开透明的数学算法，基于协商一致的规范和协议，使所有节点能够在去信任的环境下自动安全地交换数据。区块链实质上是通过数学方法解决信任问题，所有的规则都以算法程序的形式表达，参与方不需要知道交易对手的信用水平，不需要第三方机构的交易背书或者担保验证，只需要信任共同的算法，通过算法为参与者创造信用、产生信任、达成共识。

(2) to trust. From a trust perspective, the block chain uses an open and transparent mathematical algorithm, based on consensus norms and agreements, that enables all nodes to exchange data automatically and safely in a trusted environment. The block chain is essentially a mathematical solution to trust issues, all rules are expressed in the form of algorithmic procedures, participants do not need to know the credit level of their counterpart, third-party transaction endorsement or security certification, but only trust in a common algorithm that creates credit, trust, consensus for participants through algorithms.

(3)时间戳。区块是一段时间内的数据和代码打包而生成的，下一区块的页首包含上一区块的索引信息，首尾相连便形成了链。记录完整历史的区块与可进行完整验证的链，形成了可追朔完整历史的时间戳，可为每一笔数据提供检索和查找功能，并可借助区块链结构追本溯源，逐笔验证。所以，区块链生成时都加盖了时间戳，形成不可篡改、不可伪造的数据库。单个节点上对数据库的修改是无效的，除非能够同时控制系统中超过51%的节点，因此区块链的数据可靠性很高。

(3) time stamp. blocks are generated over a period of time by wrapping data and codes, and the first page of the next block contains the index information of the previous block and is connected to the first end of the chain. The blocks that record the entire history and the chain that can be fully validated form a time stamp that can trace the entire history, which can provide a search and search function for each data, and which can be traced back to the source from the structure of the block chain. Therefore, the block chain is generated with a time stamp that creates an inflexible, non-false database. The modification of the database on a single node is ineffective unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, and therefore the data chain is highly reliable.

(4)非对称加密。区块链使用非对称加密算法，即在加密和解密过程中使用一个“密钥对”，“密钥对”中的两个密钥具有非对称特点。在区块链的应用场景中，一方面，密钥是所有参与者可见的公钥，参与者都可用公钥来加密一段真实性信息，只有信息拥有者能用私钥来解密。另一方面，使用私钥对信息签名，通过对应的公钥来验证签名，确保信息为真正的持有人发出。非对称加密将价值交换中的摩擦边界降到最低，能够实现透明数据的匿名性，保护个人隐私。

(4) asymmetric encryption. block chains use asymmetric encryption algorithms, i.e. a key pair is used in encryption and declassification, and two keys in the key pairs have asymmetric features. On the one hand, the key is a public key visible to all participants in the block chain, and the public key is used to encrypt a true information and only the information owner can decipher it with a private key. On the other hand, the private key-to-information signature is used to verify the signature through the corresponding public key to ensure that the information is sent to the true holder. Asymmetric encryption minimizes the friction boundary in value exchange, allows the anonymity of transparent data and protects personal privacy.

(5)智能合约。由于区块链可实现点对点的价值传递，传递时可以嵌入相应的编程脚本，通过这种智能合约的方式去处理一些无法预见的交易模式，保证区块链能够持续生效。这种可编程脚本本质上是众多指令汇总的列表，实现价值交换时的针对性和条件性，实现价值的特定用途。所以，基于区块链的任何价值交换活动都可通过智能编程的方式对其用途、方向和各种限制条件等做到硬控制，省去了以法律或者合同软约束的成本。

(5) Smart contracts. , as the block chain is capable of achieving point-to-point transfer of value, can be embedded in the corresponding programming scripts to handle unforeseen patterns of transactions through such smart contracts to ensure the continuity of block chains. This programming script is essentially a list of orders that achieves the relevance and conditionality of value swaps and achieves specific uses of value. , therefore, any value exchange based on block chains can be subject to hard control of their use, direction and limitations by means of intelligent programming, and saves the costs of legal or contractual soft restraints.

(二)区块链存在的主要问题

(ii) Key issues in the block chain

(1)高能耗问题。传统货币银行学体系中存在不可能三角，即不可能同时达到去中心化、低能耗和高度安全，在区块链构建中也同样存在不可能三角。比如，在比特币的实际应用中，其发展带来了计算机硬件的快速膨胀，在“挖矿”过程中的主要成本转移到硬件成本和电力成本等。所以，应用区块链技术实现权益成本收益后，让其技术功效发挥至最大化成为急需解决的问题。

(1) high energy consumption. There is no triangle in the traditional monetary banking system, i.e. there is no possibility of decentralizing, low energy consumption and high security at the same time, nor is there a triangle in block-chain construction. For example, in the practical application of Bitcoin, its development has led to a rapid expansion of computer hardware, the main cost in the “mining” process being shifted to hardware costs and electricity costs.

(2)存储空间问题。由于区块链记录系统中自初始信息的每一笔交易信息，并且每个节点都要下载存储并实时更新数据区块，所以，每个节点的数据都完全同步的话，网络压力较大，每个节点的存储空间容量要求可能会成为制约其发展的关键问题。

(2) storage space problems. , since every transaction in the block chain recording system from the initial information and each node downloads the stored data block and updates it in real time, is fully synchronized data for each node, the network pressure is high, and the storage space capacity requirements for each node may be a key constraint on its development.

(3)抗压能力问题。基于区块链构建的系统遵循木桶理论，要兼顾所有网络节点中处理速度和网络环境最差的，所以，如果将区块链技术推广至大规模交易环境下，其整体的抗压能力还有待验证。如果每秒产生的交易量超过系统(最弱节点)的设计容纳能力，交易就自动进入到队列进行排队，带来不良用户体验。 返回搜狐，查看更多

(3) resistance issues. Systems based on block chains follow the barrel theory, taking into account the worst processing speed and network environment in all network nodes, so if the block chain technology is extended to a large-scale trading environment, its overall resistance is still to be verified. If the volume of transactions produced per second exceeds the design capacity of the system (weakest node), the transaction automatically enters the queue and leads to negative user experience.

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