12个模块化区块链项目汇总

模块化区块链是指将「执行层、结算层、共识层、数据可用性层」四个组件中至少一个组件完全外包给外部链的区块链。

Modular block chains means blocks chains in which at least one of the four components of the "execution layer, settlement layer, consensus layer, data availability layer" is fully outsourced to the external chain.

由于在单片链上为数百万或数十亿用户提供服务过于复杂且解决能力有限，人们提出了分片和Layer2 解决方案，后来逐渐演变成模块化区块链。模块化的实现最初方案是rollups，后来这个概念进一步扩大成模块化区块链。

Because of the complexity and limited capacity to provide services to millions or billions of users on a single-share chain, fragmentation and Layer2 solutions have been proposed and have evolved into modular block chains. Modularization was initially achieved by rollers, and the concept was further expanded into modular block chains.

模块化区块链能够最大限度地降低运行节点的成本。

Modular block chains minimize the cost of running nodes.

模块化区块链的优势

The advantages of the modular block chain

具有主权：尽管使用了其他层，但新的模块化区块链可以像Layer1 一样具有主权。这允许区块链在未经任何底层许可的情况下响应黑客攻击并推送升级。
主权（Sovereignty）：在代币、协议的功能和升级、网络和协议的治理、生态系统的建设和基础设施具有更高的主动权

Sovereignty: Despite the use of other layers, the new modular block chain can be as sovereign as Layer 1. This allows the block chain to respond to hacking without any bottom permission and to be upgraded.
Sovereignty: a higher degree of initiative in currency, protocol functionality and upgrading, network and agreement governance, ecosystem construction and infrastructure.

方便推出新的区块链：由于模块化区块链不需要处理所有功能，新区块链可以简单地将现有的模块化区块链用于他们希望卸载的组件。
像Optimint 这样的Rollups “SDK”与Cosmos SDK 相结合将有助于促进新区块链的创建，而无需引导安全验证器集

Facilitate the roll-out of a new block chain: As the modular block chain does not need to handle all functions, the new block chain can simply use the existing modular block chain for the components they want to unload.
Rollups "SDKs" such as Optimint, combined with Cosmos SDK, will help to facilitate the creation of the new block chain without leading the set of security certifiers.

提高可扩展性：通过模块化可以在不牺牲安全性或去中心化的情况下实现扩展。

Enhancing scalability: through modularization, expansion can be achieved without sacrificing safety or decentralizing.

下面给大家整理了12个模块化项目，有兴趣关注收藏（本文仅代表个人观点，不作为投资建议）：

The following 12 modular projects have been organized and are of interest to the collection (this paper represents only a personal point of view and is not an investment proposal):

1）zkPorter

?

?

在zkSync 2.0中，L2 状态将分为 2 个方面：具有链上数据可用性的 zkRollup 和具有链下数据可用性的 zkPorter。zkPorter的链下DA由Guardians（zkSync代币持有者）维护，并设有罚没机制。基于Guardians来维护DA是比较中心化的方式。

In zkSync 2.0, the L2 status will be divided into two areas: zkRollup, which has data availability on the chain, and zkPorter, which has data availability on the chain. The DA in the chain of zkPorter is maintained by Guardians (zkSync currency holders) and has a penalty mechanism.

?

2）StarkEx DAC

?

StarkEx DAC是StarkEx的链下DA方案。DA由数据可用性委员会（DAC）维护，DA的维护方式比zkPorter更中心化一些。StarkEx也有Volition方案，即DA放到链上或者链下可选。

StarkEx DAC is the DarkEx chain DA program. The DA is maintained by the Data Availability Committee (DAC), and the DA maintains more centrally than zkPorter.

Starkex是为应用特定链开发的“执行”电动机。Starkex可以将以太坊用作数据可访问性，也可以使用委员会使用数据可访问性。这为Starkex增添了极大的灵活性。

Starkex is an “execution” motor developed to apply a specific chain. Starkex can be used as a data accessibility by the Tails or by the Committee. This adds a great deal of flexibility to Starkex.

?

3）Arbitrum Anytrust

?

Arbitrum 的Nova链就基于Anytrust技术。Anytrust是Arbitrum的链下DA方案。Anytrust的链下DA也由数据可用性委员会（DAC）维护，因此比较中心化。

Arbitrum’s Nova chain is based on Anytrust technology. Anytrust is Arbitrum’s bottom DA program. Anytrust’s bottom DA is also maintained by the Data Availability Committee (DAC), which makes it more central.

?

4）Celestia

?

Celestia 的前称叫作 LazyLedger，Celestia 是一条极为特殊的 Layer1，该项目对自身的定位是“首个模块化的区块链网络”。具体来说，Celestia 会将区块链网络的技术堆栈模块化，同时将共识层和执行层进行解耦，其本身作为共识层将只承担交易事务排序和数据可用性验证工作，具体的交易执行则将分散至其他链接至 Celestia 的执行层网络（比如 Celo）之上。

Celestia, formerly known as LazyLedger, Celestia is a very special Layer1 project, which locates itself as the “first modular block chain network”. Specifically, Celestia will modularize the technical stacking of the block chain network, while decoupling the consensus and enforcement layers, and will itself assume, as a consensus layer, only the sorting of transactions and validation of data availability, and specific transaction execution will be spread over other networks linked to Celestia's implementation level, such as Celo.

路线图显示，Celestia 计划于 2022 启动测试网，并在 2023 年逐步启动激励测试网以及主网，其开发团队也已确认未来会发行用于 PoS 质押的代币。

According to the road map, Celestia plans to launch the testing network in 2022 and gradually launch the incentive testing network and the main network in 2023, and its development team has confirmed that it will issue future tokens for the PS pledge.

Celestia 在架构上与 Polkadot?的「中继链 + 平行链」存在一定相似之处，而后者的多链构架发展路线暂时看起来并不是那么如人意，因此待 Celestia 上线时能否实现预期仍有待观察。

Celestia has some similarities in its structure with Polkadot’s “relay chain + parallel chain”, whose multi-chained development route does not look as satisfactory for the time being, so it remains to be seen whether the expectations will be met when Celestia gets online.

Celestia 采用了链下的方式来实现 DA，即通过 Reed-Solomon 纠删码以及专门的 Namespaced Merkle Trees 结构来确保数据的可用性，让 DA 变得更便宜并以更有效的方式进行。Celestia 遵从了 Cosmos 的理念，开放，独立主权，是专注于数据可用性的模块化公链，也做了共识（Tendermint）（没有提供执行环境）。

Celestia uses a chain-by-chain approach to DA, which ensures data availability through Reed-Solomon routing and a dedicated Namespaced Merkle Trees structure, making DA cheaper and more efficient. Celestia follows the Cosmos philosophy, is open, independent and sovereign, is a modular public chain focused on data availability, and has a consensus (Tendermint) (no enforcement environment provided).

2022年10月完成 5500 万美元融资，Bain Capital Crypto 和 Polychain Capital 共同领投，Placeholder、Galaxy、Delphi Digital、Blockchain Capital、NFX、Protocol Labs、Figment、Maven 11、Spartan Group、FTX Ventures、Jump Crypto、A&T Capital、CFG Labs?以及天使投资人 Balaji Srinivasan、Eric Wall 和 Jutta Steiner 等参投

Fifty-five million dollars in financing was completed in October 2022, co-directed by Bain Capital Crypto and Polychain Capital, with the participation of Placeholder, Galaxy, Delphi Digital, Blockchain Capital, NFX, Protocol Labs, Figment, Maven 11, Spartan Group, FTX Ventures, Jump Crypto, A&T Capital, CFG Labs? and Angel Investors Balaji Srinivasan, Eric Wall and Jutta Steiner.

?

5）Cevmos

Cevmos 是 Cosmos EVM 应用链 Evmos 与 Celestia 合作共同开发的 rollup 堆栈，旨在成为 Celestia 上基于 EVM rollup 构建的最佳结算层。而 Cevmos 是 Celestia，Evmos 和 Cosmos 的缩写。Cevmos 一个开放的模块化堆栈，适用于利用 Celestia 汇总的基于 EVM 的应用程序。Cevmos 堆栈将围绕基于 Evmos 的汇总优化结算链。该结算链（待命名）将通过使用Optimint（Optimistic Tendermint 的缩写）而不是现有 Cosmos 链上使用的 Tendermint Core 共识引擎作为 Celestia rollup 实现。

Cevmos is the best settlement on Celestia based on the EVM pool. Cevmos is the acronym for Celestia, Evmos and Cosmos. Cevmos is an open modular stack that applies to EVM-based applications using the Celestia aggregation. The Cevmos stack will be built around the Evmos-based aggregation optimization chain. The clearing chain (received name) will be achieved by using the Optimint (Optimist Tendermint) rather than the Continental Core Consensus engine used in the existing Cosmos chain.

?

6）Fuel

Fuel 是最早部署在以太坊主网上的首个 Optimistic Rollup，主要适用以支付为中心的应用。即将推出的 Fuel V2 将基于 UTXO 的高度可并行化的最小执行系统和启用智能合约支持，拥有以太坊式的可互操作的图灵完备智能合约，而不仅仅是简单转账。

Fuel is the first to be deployed on the Ethernonet, the Optimistic Rollup, mainly for payment-centric applications. The upcoming Fuel V2 will be supported by a highly parallelable minimum implementation system and the activation of smart contracts based on UTXO, with evasive, interoperable and sophisticated Turing smart contracts, not just simple transfers.

进展：Fuel 是模块化执行层。6 月份推出了基于开发者网络的演示应用 SwaySwap，是一个 AMM。

Progress: Fuel is the modular implementation layer. The developer-based demonstration application SwaySwap, an AMM, was launched in June.

融资：2021 年 9 月获得 150 万美元融资，由 CoinFund 领投，Fenbushi Capital、Origin Capital 参投。

Financing: US$ 1.5 million in September 2021, financed by Coinfund, with the participation of Fenbushi Capital, origin Capital.

特点：Fuel 是以太坊的 Optimistic Rollup，最开始通过 UTXO（未花费交易输出）等技术为以太坊扩容。1.0 主要适用于支付类应用。

Features: Fuel is the PT's Optimistic Rollup, which was first expanded by technologies such as UTXO (no transactional output). 1.0 applies mainly to payment-type applications.

• ?

但是主网推出后，可能由于用例较少，不支持智能合约，交互量比较少。所以 Fuel 2.0 开始转型做模块化执行层。项目的其中一个联合创始人 John Adler 也是 Celestia 的联合创始人。

But with the launch of the main network, there may be fewer cases, less support for smart contracts, and less interaction. As a result, Fuel 2.0 begins to transform into a modular implementation layer. One of the co-founders of the project, John Adler, is also a co-founder of Celestia.

Fuel 官方主推 3 个技术实现：

The Fuel official thrusts 3 technology realizations:

1）通过 UTXO 实现交易的并行执行，从而提高性能；

1) Simultaneous execution of transactions through UTXO, thereby enhancing performance;

2）推出 FuelVM（Fuel 虚拟机），优化传统虚拟机，同时应该也是为了解决 EVM 的兼容问题；

2) Launch of the FuelVM (Fuel Virtual Machine) to optimize traditional virtual machines, which should also address the compatibility of EVM;

3）为开发者推出了编程语言 Sway 和工具链 Forc。

3) Programming language Sway and tool chain for developers.

Fuel Labs拥有60多名工程师，为以太坊生态系统提供了具有最大安全性和最高灵活吞吐量的区块链。创始人是Nick Alexander、Samuel Borin和John Adler，John Adler还是Celestia Labs项目的联合创始人。Emily Herbert是Fuel Labs的计算机科学家和Sway语言专家。

Foel Labs, with more than 60 engineers, provides Ether’s ecosystem with the most secure and flexible chain of blocks. The founders are Nick Alexander, Samuel Borin and John Adler, the co-founder of the Celestia Labs project. Emily Herbert is a computer scientist and Sway language expert for Fuel Labs.

2022年9月完成8000万美元融资，Blockchain Capital和Stratos Technologies领投，Alameda Research、CoinFund、Bain Capital Crypto、TRGC、Maven 11 Capital、Blockwall、Spartan、Dialectic和ZMT等参投。

In September 2022, US$ 80 million in financing was completed, with Blockchain Capital and Stratos Technologies, with the participation of Alameda Research, CoinFund, Bain Capital Crypto, TRACC, Maven 11 Capital, Blockwall, Spartan, Dialectic and ZMT.

?

7）Dymension

Dymension 是一个建立在 Cosmos 上的主权 Rollup，旨在通过 Dymension Chain（结算层）、RDK（RollApp 开发工具包）和 IRC（Rollup 间通信）使 RollApp（以定制应用为重点的 RollApp）的开发变得简单。

Dymension is a sovereign Rollup based on Cosmos, which aims to simplify the development of RollApp (RollApp with a focus on custom applications) through Dymension Chain, RDK (RollApp Development Toolkit) and IRC (RollApp Communication).

?

8）Eclipse

?

Eclipse 也是基于 Cosmos 生态的主权 rollup，允许在任何链上使用 Solana VM 构建可定制的模块化 rollup 结算层。

Eclipse is also a sovereign rollup based on Cosmos ecology that allows the use of Solana VM on any chain to construct custom-made modular roundup clearing layers.

2022年9月完成1500万美元Pre-Seed轮和种子轮融资，其中900万美元的种子轮融资由Tribe Capital和Tabiya共同领投，其他参与者包括Infinity Ventures Crypto、Soma Capital、Struck Capital和CoinList。较早的600万美元Pre-Seed轮融资由Polychain Capital领投，参与方包括Tribe Capital、Tabiya、Galileo、Polygon Ventures、The House Fund和Accel。

In September 2022, $15 million in Pre-Seed and seed rotation financing was completed, of which $9 million in seed rotation financing was co-led by Tribe Capital and Tabiya, with other participants including Infinity Ventures Crypto, Soma Capital, Struck Capital and CoinList. The earlier $6 million in Pre-Seed financing was led by Polychain Capital, with participants including Tribe Capital, Tabiya, Galileo, Polygon Ventures, The House Fund and Accel.

?

9）Polygon Avail

?

Polygon Avail的解决方案和Celestia非常相似。事实上，Celestia的联合创始人Mustafa Al-Bassam曾表示Avail对Celestia存在抄袭嫌疑。Avail的介绍几乎完全复制其2019年写的Celestia介绍。

Polygon Avail’s solution is very similar to Celestia. Indeed, Mustafa Al-Bassam, a co-founder of Celestia, said that Avail was suspected of copying Celestia.

?

10)EigenDA

?

EigenDA 是 EigenLayer 提出的 DA 方案。EigenLayer 本身是以太坊的 restaking 层。

EigenDA is the DA program proposed by EigenLayer. EigenLayer itself is at the Taiwan Restaking level.

创始人 Sreeram Kannan 提出了这样的观点：区块链之间、DAPP 间的信任是相互割裂的，各自要为了维持生态的信任支付高昂的资金成本。例如以太坊信标链现在有超过 1300 万枚 ETH 质押，要维持这个质押体量，以太坊现在为质押用户提供 5% 左右的 APR。

The founder, Sreeram Kannan, put forward the view that trust between block chains and between DAPPs is fragmented, with each paying a high financial cost to maintain ecological trust. For example, the Taiwan beacon chain now has more than 13 million ETH pledges, and to maintain the pledge volume, the Tai Po now provides around 5% APR for pledge users.

EigenLayer 做的就是资金的 restaking，让质押用户除了 PoS 质押外，也可以把资金重复质押到中间件、预言机、DAPP 等，从而提升资本效率，降低信任成本。

All EigenLayer does is restaying the funds, allowing pledge users to double the funds to intermediates, prophecies, DAPPs, etc., in addition to the PS pledge, thereby increasing capital efficiency and reducing the cost of trust.

EigenLayer 本身基于 Danksharding 和 ETH 质押。EigenDA 是 EigenLayer 提出的 DA 方案，专为 Optimistic-Rollup、ZK-Rollup 设计。项目相关信息不多。

EigenLayer itself is based on Danksharding and ETH pledge. EigenDA is a DA program proposed by EigenLayer, designed for Optimistic-Rollup, ZK-Rollup. There is little information on the project.

?

11)Assembly

?

IOTA 上的模块化智能合约层。目前处于质押期 3。通过 firefly.iota.org 质押 MIOTA，质押者每 10 秒钟可以获得 0.000001 个 Assembly 代币 ASMB。钱包必须达到 1 个以上的 ASMB 才能收到空投。ASMB 总量的 20% 将分配给 IOTA 质押者。Assembly 的主网预计今年上线，届时将开启 ASMB 转账功能。

The modular smart contract layer on IOTA is currently in pledge period 3. By pledgeing MIOTA, the pledgeer will receive 0.00001 Assembly Counter-Memorial ASMB for every 10 seconds. The wallet must reach more than one ASB in order to receive the drop. 20% of the ASB total will be allocated to IOTA. The Assembly main network is expected to be online this year, when the ASB transfer function will be activated.

特点：Assembly 基于 IOTA。与以太坊的账户模型不同，IOTA 基于 UTXO 账本，支持高并发，但 UTXO 不像账户模型那样兼容智能合约。此外，IOTA 也采用 DAG（有向无环图）数据结构，也有利于高并发。

Characteristics: Assembly based on IOTA. Unlike Ether's account model, IOTA is based on a UTXO account book that supports high co-distribution, but UTXO is not as smart as an account model. In addition, IOTA uses the DAG data structure, which also facilitates high co-distribution.

在 IOTA+Assembly 的组合中，IOTA 因为 UTXO 和 DAG，能够做到高性能。因为 UTXO 不兼容智能合约，使得 IOTA 非常适合做只专注于 DA 和结算的 L1（相当于 L1 上没有 DAPP 和执行层竞争区块空间）。而 Assembly 则是构建在 IOTA 上的一个智能合约层，来实现对 Rollup 的智能合约的支持。

In the IOTA+Assembly combination, IOTA is able to perform high performance because UTXO and DAG are not compatible with smart contracts, making IOTA well suited to do L1 (which is equivalent to no DAPP on L1). Assembly is an intelligent contract layer built on IOTA to support Rollup's smart contract.

Rollup 到 IOTA 主链的安全性（交易有效性 / 欺诈证明）则是由 Assembly 上专门部署的智能合约链把关，交易的验证由声誉排名靠前的根链验证者进行。

The security of the Rollup to IOTA main chain (transaction validity/ fraud proof) is secured by the intelligent contractual chain that is specially deployed on Assembly, and the transaction is validated by the front-ranked root certifier.

IOTA+Assembly 和 Polkadot+Moonbeam，以及 Cosmos+Evmos 的结构类似。模块化智能合约层为 Rollup、平行链等的智能合约提供支持。

IOTA+Assembly and Polkadot+Moonbeam, and Cosmos+Evmos are similar structures. Modular smart contracts support smart contracts like Rollup, parallel chains, etc.

总融资额达到1.18亿美元。投资方包括Huobi、LD Capital、HashKey Capital、Signum Capital等。

Investments include Huobi, LD Capital, HashKey Capital, Signum Capital, etc.

?

12)Mantle Network

?

Mantle是建立在以太坊之上的第2层可扩展性解决方案。Mantle网络中的验证器节点收集用户的交易，并以“压缩块”的形式提交给以太坊。这种压缩为用户节省了昂贵的燃气费用，并增加了交易的总吞吐量。

Mantle is a second-tier scalable solution based on a tampon. The authentication nodes in Mantle network collect user transactions and submit them to the tampon in the form of a “compressive block.” This compression saves users expensive gas costs and increases the total toll of the transaction.

通过在以太坊之上构建，Mantle继承了业界领先的安全性和通用开发人员基础设施等理想特性。

By building on the Taiyem, Mantle inherits such ideal features as the industry's leading security and universal development personnel infrastructure.

Mantle比传统的L2解决方案提供了许多改进：

Mantle offers many improvements over the traditional L2 solution:

1)模块化数据可用性：通过使用特征层，Mantle能够提高传统L2之外的事务吞吐量。可访问的数据可用性还意味着Mantle可以在不损害安全性和减少节点操作开销的情况下提高吞吐量。这降低了对验证器的处理要求，并促进了进一步的去中心化。

1) Modular data availability: With the use of the feature layer, Mantle can increase the amount of throughput on matters other than the traditional L2. Accessible data availability also means that Mantle can increase throughput without compromising safety and reducing node operating costs. This reduces the processing requirements for the authentication device and promotes further decentralization.

2)多方计算（MPC）：Mantle使用MPC来最小化二级执行结果的信任风险。使用阈值签名方案（TSS）技术，专用节点有助于多方签名，以提高链外事务执行结果的正确性。这使我们可以缩短取款的挑战期。

2) Multi-calculation (MPC): Mantle uses MPC to minimize the trust risk of secondary execution results.

3)去中心化序列器：Mantle将去中心化其序列器，以提供安全和无信任的区块生产。通过轮换一个无需许可的排序器集，Mantle 将减少网络上单点故障活审查的可能性。Mantle将随着时间的推移，去中心化其 序列器以提供安全且无需信任的区块生产。

3) Decentralized sequencers: Mantle will centralize its sequencers to provide safe and untrusted blocks. By rotating a non-licensed sequencer collection, Mantle will reduce the possibility of single troubleshooting on the network. Mantle will centralize its sequencers over time to produce safe and untrusted blocks.

?

以上为整理的13个模块化项目，整体来看模块化链目前处于发展初期。Celestia和Fuel各方面进展也是最多的，很有潜力成为模块化区块链龙头项目。未来如何，我们拭目以待。

The 13 modularization projects listed above are currently in their early stages of development. Celestia and Fuel have also made the most progress and have the potential to become the backbone of the modular block chain. We'll see what we can do in the future.