区块链建立的物理网络基础是点对点的分布式网络，这与中心化的“客户端/服务器”网络架构有很大不同，它是一种去中心化的网络，提高了数据传输的效率，相比中心化的网络结构而言具有更高的安全性。
The physical network established by the block chain is based on a distributed network of point-to-points, which is significantly different from the centralized “client/server” network structure, which is a decentralized network that increases the efficiency of data transmission and is more secure than a centralized network structure.
作为区块链的底层公有链，这种分布式对等网络即P2P，其最主要的特点是：每一个网络节点之间都是平等的，没有哪一个节点处于中心地位或者对其他节点具有控制、管理权限。
As the bottom public chain of the block chain, this distributed peer-to-peer network, P2P, is characterized by the fact that each network node is equal and none of the nodes is central or has control and management authority over other nodes.
对分布式网络的专业化定义表述是：网络的参与者共享他们所拥有的一部分硬件资源（处理能力、存储能力、网络连接能力、打印机等），这些共享资源通过网络提供服务和内容，能被其他节点直接访问而无须经过中间实体，在此网络中的参与者既是资源又是获取者，也就是说每一个节点的角色都是相同的，所以又称为“对等网络”。
The professional definition of distributed networks is that the participants in the network share a portion of the hardware resources (processing capacity, storage capacity, network connectivity, printers, etc.) that they possess, that they can provide services and content through the network, that they can be accessed directly by other nodes without having to go through intermediate entities, and that participants in the network are both resource and acquirers, that is to say, that each node has the same role, so they are called “reciprocal networks”.
在P2P网络环境中，彼此连接的多台计算机之间都处于对等地位，网络中的每一台计算机既能充当网络服务的请求者，又能对其他计算机的请求作出响应，提供资源、服务和内容。通常这些资源和服务包括：信息的共享和互换、计算机资源（如CPU计算能力共享）、存储共享（如缓存和磁盘空间的使用）、网络共享、打印机共享等。
In the P2P network environment, multiple computers that are connected to each other are in a position of reciprocity, and each computer in the network can both act as a requester for network services and respond to requests from other computers by providing resources, services and content. These typically include: information sharing and interchange, computer resources (e.g., CPU computing capacity sharing), storage sharing (e.g., caches and disk space use), network sharing, printer sharing, etc.
P2P网络技术的特点目前主要体现在以下几个方面：
The characteristics of the P2P network technology are currently characterized by the following:
非中心化：网络中的资源和服务分散在所有节点上，信息的传输和服务的实现都直接在节点之间进行，可以无须中间环节和服务器的介入，避免了可能出现的瓶颈。P2P非中心化的特点，带来了其可扩展性、健壮性等方面的优势。
Decentralization: The resources and services in the network are spread over all nodes, and the transmission of information and the delivery of services are directly between nodes, avoiding possible bottlenecks without intermediate and server intervention. The decentralization of P2Ps brings advantages in terms of scalability, robustness, etc.
可扩展性：在P2P网络中，随着用户的加入不仅服务的需求增加了，系统整体的资源和服务能力也在同步扩充，从而满足用户的需求。理论上其可扩展性几乎可以认为是无限的。例如，在通过FTP的文件下载方式中，当下载用户增加之后，下载速度会变得越来越慢，而P2P网络正好相反，加入的用户越多，P2P网络中提供的资源就越多，下载的速度反而越快。
Scalability: In the P2P network, as users join not only the demand for services, the overall resource and service capacity of the system expands simultaneously to meet the needs of users. In theory, its scalability can be considered almost unlimited. For example, when downloading documents through the FTP is increased, downloads become more and more slow, whereas in the P2P network, on the contrary, the more users they join, the more resources they provide in the P2P network and the faster they download.
健壮性：P2P架构天生具有耐攻击、高容错的优点。由于服务是分散在各个节点之间的，部分节点或网络遭到破坏对其他部分的影响很小。P2P网络一般在部分节点失效时能够自动调整，保持其他节点的连通性。P2P网络通常都是以自组织的方式建立起来的，并允许节点自由的加入和离开。
Robustness: The P2P structure is naturally built with the advantage of attack tolerance and high tolerance for error. As services are dispersed between nodes, some of the nodes or networks are damaged with little impact on the rest. The P2P network is generally able to adjust automatically to maintain the connectivity of other nodes when they fail. The P2P network is usually built in a self-organized manner and allows free access to and departure from the nodes.
高性价比：性能优势是P2P被广泛关注的一个重要原因。随着硬件技术的发展，个人计算机的计算和存储能力以及网络带宽性能依照摩尔定律高速增长。采用P2P架构可以有效的利用互联网中大量的普通节点，将计算机任务或存储资料分布到所有节点上。充分利用闲置的计算能力或存储空间，达到高性能计算和海量存储的目的。
High value for money: Performance advantages are an important reason for the widespread attention given to P2P. As hardware technology develops, computing and storage capabilities of personal computers, as well as network bandwidth, are growing at a high rate in accordance with Moore's Law. Using the P2P architecture can effectively use the large number of common nodes in the Internet to distribute computer tasks or stored information to all nodes.
隐私保护：在P2P网络中，由于信息的传输分散在各节点之间进行而无须经过某个集中环节，用户的隐私信息被窃听和泄露的可能性大大减少。此外，目前解决互联网隐私问题主要采用中继转发的技术方法，从而将通信的参与者隐藏在众多的网络实体中。在传统的一些匿名通信系统中，实现这一机制依赖于某些中继服务器节点，而在P2P中，所有参与者都可以提供中继转发的功能，因而大大提高了匿名通信的灵活性和可靠性，能够为用户提供更好的隐私保护。
Privacy protection: In the P2P network, since the transmission of information is dispersed between nodes without going through a single central link, the likelihood of privacy information being tapped and leaked by users is significantly reduced. Moreover, the current technical approach to resolving Internet privacy issues mainly involves relays, thereby hiding participants in communications among a large number of network entities. In some traditional anonymous communication systems, the realization of this mechanism relies on some relay server nodes, while in the P2P, all participants are able to provide a relay function that greatly enhances the flexibility and reliability of anonymous communications and provides better privacy protection for users.
负载均衡：P2P网络环境下因为每个节点既是服务器又是客户端，降低了对传统C/S结构服务器计算能力、存储能力的要求，同时因为资源分布在多个节点，更好的实现了整个网络的负载均衡。
Load balance: In the P2P network environment, since each node is both a server and a client, the requirements for the computing and storage capacity of the traditional C/S structured server are reduced, while the distribution of resources across multiple nodes achieves a better load balance across the network.
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本文由宁静致远编辑，文章交易思路策略仅供参考，部分新闻摘自网络，投资有风险，入市需谨慎。
This paper, edited in a quiet and far-reaching manner, is intended for reference purposes only, with some news coming from the network, investments at risk and market entry being prudent.
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Electronics and Technology (www.diankeji.com) is a leading information medium focused on the global TMT industry.
作为今日头条青云计划、百家号百+计划获得者，2019百度数码年度作者、百家号科技领域最具人气作者、2019搜狗科技文化作者、2021百家号季度影响力创作者，曾荣获2013搜狐最佳行业媒体人、2015中国新媒体创业大赛北京赛季军、 2015年度光芒体验大奖、2015中国新媒体创业大赛总决赛季军、2018百度动态年度实力红人等诸多大奖。
As the winner of today’s leading Qingyun Project, the 100+ Project, the digital annual authors of 2019, the 100th most popular in science and technology, the 2019 dog-searchers, the 2021st quarterly influence creators, the best industry media promoter of the 2013 search, the Beijing Quakers of the 2015 China New Media Entrepreneurship Competition, the 2015 luminous experience award, the 2015 China New Media Entrepreneurship final season, the 2018-degree dynamic year Red Man, and many other prizes.
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