资本回归理性，生态稳步构筑，区块链逐步回归技术本真。
Capital has returned to rationality, ecology has been built steadily, and the chain of blocks has gradually returned to technology.
编辑 | 智东西内参
Edit,,,
区块链技术是分布式的网络数据管理技术，利用密码学技术和分布式共识协议保证网络传输与访问安全，实现数据多方维护、交叉验证、全网一致、不易篡改。作为新一代信息通信技术的重要演进，区块链为数据要素的管理和价值释放提供了新思路，为建立跨产业主体的可信协作网络提供了新途径，有望在疫情后全球经济复苏和数字经济发展中扮演越来越重要的作用。
Block chain technology is a distributed web-based data management technology, using cryptography and distributed consensus protocols to secure network transmission and access, and to achieve multiple data maintenance, cross-checking, full web-based consistency, and easy to manipulate. As an important evolution in the new generation of information and communications technology, block chains provide new ideas for the management and release of data elements, provide new avenues for a credible collaborative network of cross-industry actors, and are expected to play an increasingly important role in the global economic recovery and digital economic development in the aftermath of the epidemic.
本期的智能内参，我们推荐中国信通院的研究报告《区块链白皮书2020》，跟踪国内外区块链发展最新动态，梳理区块链技术和产业图谱，分析区块链在技术、产业、应用方面的发展态势。如果想收藏本文的报告，可以在智东西（公众号：zhidxcom）回复关键词“nc514”获取。
We recommend that China's Institute of Information and Communications Technology study, White Paper on Block Chains 2020, follow up on developments in block chains at home and abroad, collage block chain technology and industry profiles, and analyse developments in block chains in technology, industry, and applications. If you want to collect this report, you can reply to the key word “nc514” in smart things (public: zhidxcom).
本期内参来源：中国信通院
Source of participation during the period: ICAC, China
原标题：
Original title:
《 区块链白皮书2020》
White Paper on the Block Chain 2020
作者：未注明
Author: Not specified
01.
区块链发展概览
Overview of the development of the block chain
1、发展态势
Developments
2020 年，新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球，世界经济发展的不确定性大幅增加。各国政府、企业探索采用新兴技术降低经济社会运行成本，提升实体经济运行效率，进一步寻找经济发展新的增长点。当前，区块链与云计算、人工智能等新技术基础设施交叉创新，越来越多的实体经济垂直领域呈现出“区块链+”的发展格局和“脱虚向实”的良好势头。
Governments and businesses are exploring new technologies to reduce economic and social operating costs, improve the efficiency of the real economy, and further seek new growth points for economic development. Currently, new technological infrastructure such as block chains and cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and more vertically, more and more, the real economy has a positive development pattern and a “block-plus” momentum.
区块链产业长期向好，行业认知回归理性。随着中央对区块链技术发展的规划指引，我国区块链明确了以联盟链为基础，围绕服务实体经济、优化公共服务为目标的发展思路，产业发展方向进一步清晰。现阶段广大从业者对区块链的信心持续向好，普遍认可区块链的长期战略性价值。
With central planning guidelines for the technological development of the block chain, the country’s block chain has clearly defined its approach to development based on the alliance chain, aimed at serving the entity’s economy and optimizing public services. At this stage, the confidence of a wide range of practitioners in the block chain continues to improve, and the long-term strategic value of the block chain is generally recognized.
与此同时，政策制定方、技术提供方、系统使用方等各类行业参与者已认识到区块链的发展并非只差临门一脚，而是尚处于行业发展的初期，需要产业结合实际情况，务实探索区块链的应用落地路径，合力解决赋能实体经济过程中的问题和挑战。
At the same time, a wide range of industry actors, including policy makers, technology providers and system users, have recognized that the development of the block chain is not a mere development, but is still in the early stages of industry development, requiring industry to take a realistic approach to the application of the block chain and to work together to address the problems and challenges of the enabling real economy.
区块链技术创新依旧活跃，工程化和生态构建成为重点。从技术层面看，区块链技术还在发展早期，专利申请、学术研究等方面保持活跃，但为了应用尽快落地，行业不再片面追求新技术创新，而是进入务实发展阶段。
Technological innovations in block chains remain active, with engineering and ecological construction being the focus. At the technical level, block chain technologies are still developing at an early stage, with patent applications, academic research, etc. But, in order to be applied as quickly as possible, the industry is moving away from a one-sided pursuit of new technological innovations to a pragmatic development phase.
具体系统开发过程中，技术要求主要是好用、易用、安全、性能好、支持互操作，技术发展呈现出工程化导向。同时各类区块链产品之间的技术差异逐步缩小，技术提供方将更多精力投入到生态构建当中，降低开发部署门槛，提升用户粘性，吸纳更多的开发者、使用者，以此构建自己的生态壁垒。
In the process of developing specific systems, technological requirements are mainly good for use, easy use, safety, good performance, and support for interoperability, and technological developments are engineering oriented. At the same time, technological differences between the products of the block chains are gradually narrowing, with technology providers investing more energy in ecological construction, lowering the development deployment threshold, increasing user stickyness, and incorporating more developers and users to build their own ecological barriers.
未来一段时间，区块链行业技术发展将主要聚焦于工程化和生态构建。
For some time to come, technological developments in the block chain industry will focus primarily on engineering and ecological construction.
区块链应用存证先行，逐渐向自动化协作和价值互联迈进。当前区块链技术分布广泛，应用牵头方呈现出技术服务方推动，政府主导的态势。经过近年来的发展，区块链在供应链金融、溯源、公共服务等领域取得一定成果，但其应用模式仍以文件、合同等的存证为主。未来，区块链产业应用逐步向政务数据共享、供应链协同、跨境贸易等自动化协作和价值互联迈进。
In recent years, block chains have produced results in areas such as supply chain finance, traceability, and public services, but their application is still based on documents, contracts, etc. In the future, block chain industries will gradually move toward automated collaboration and value interconnection in government data-sharing, supply chain synergies, cross-border trade, etc.
区块链基础设施化呼声渐起，建设模式仍需深度探索。区块链构建可信数据共享环境的价值已经获得多方认可，各机构对利用区块链进行可信存证的需求逐步显现，技术使用方渴望可以使用易用性强、标准化程度高的区块链通用性产品，对区块链基础设施化的呼声已经出现。
The value of building a credible data-sharing environment for the block chain has been widely recognized, agencies’ need for credible documentation of the use of the block chain has emerged, technology users are eager to use generic products of the block chain that are user-friendly and highly standardized, and calls for the infrastructureization of the block chain have emerged.
各个国家、地区尝试建设服务地域内多个组织的区块链基础设施，其中主要代表有欧盟 EBSI、美洲开发银行 LACChain 等。此外，我国将多云跨云 BaaS 服务、开放联盟链等作为区块链基础设施的探索。可以看到，区块链基础设施将是未来长远发展方向，但具体建设模式仍将在前进中持续探索，不断演进。
In addition, we have explored cloudy clouds, BaaS services, open union chains, and so on. As can be seen, block chain infrastructure will be a long-term development in the future, but concrete construction models will continue to be explored and evolving.
2、全球区块链发展现状
2. Status of the development of the global block chain
当前，区块链技术多向创新突破，产业生态稳步构筑。各国政府加大对区块链产业战略布局的同时，投融资交易热度下降，行业回归理性发展。
At present, block-chain technologies are increasingly innovative, and industry’s ecology is steadily being constructed. As governments increase their strategic layout of block-chain industries, financing transactions are less hot and industries return to rational development.
政策方面，各国政府加大对区块链产业的战略布局，鼓励技术与政策监管各有侧重。2019-2020 年，全球 24 个国家发布了专门针对区块链产业发展及行业监管方面的专项政策或法律法规。
On the policy front, governments have increased their strategic layout of block chain industries, encouraging technology and policy regulation to focus on each other. Between 2019 and 2020, 24 countries globally issued specific policies or laws and regulations specifically addressing the development of block chain industries and industry regulation.
▲各国政府区块链政策举例
Examples of government block chain policies
项目方面，各国政府积极推进区块链技术项目落地。据统计，自2012 年至 2020 年 9 月，各国政府部门发起或参与的区块链实验项目数量多达 236 项，主要涉及金融（包括央行数字货币）、公共服务、政府档案、数字资产管理、投票、政府采购、公共投票、土地认证/不动产登记、医疗健康等领域。
With regard to projects, Governments are actively promoting the location of block chain technical projects. From 2012 to September 2020, the number of block chain pilot projects initiated by or involving government departments amounted to 236, mainly in the areas of finance (including central bank digital currency), public services, government archives, digital asset management, voting, public procurement, public voting, land certification/real estate registration, and health care.
截止 2020 年 9 月，2020 年实施的区块链实验项目数量已超过 2019 年全年水平，区块链技术及应用受到各国政府的高度重视，应用普及率进一步提升。
By September 2020, the number of block chain pilot projects implemented in 2020 had exceeded the 2019 year-round, and the technology and application of block chain technologies had been highly valued by Governments and their application had increased.
▲各国政府区块链项目类型分布
Distribution of Government block chain project types
投融资层面，区块链产业投融资交易热度下降。2017、2018 是区块链产业发展最活跃的时期，2019 年全球区块链产业发展有所“降温”，产业投融资金额比 2018 年均有所下降。
At the level of financing, the heat of financing transactions in block chain industries has declined. 2017, 2018 are the most dynamic periods of development in block chain industries, which in 2019 were “reduced” and the amount of financing invested in industry was lower than in 2018.
2020 年 1 月至 9 月，全球区块链产业投融资金额达到 31.6 亿美元，547 笔交易。美国在区块链企业投融资交易金额和事件数量方面领先于其他国家。加拿大和中国在区块链企业投融资金额方面也处于领先位置。
Between January and September 2020, the global block chain industry invested $3.16 billion, with 547 transactions. The United States was ahead of other countries in terms of the amount of financing transactions and the number of events in the block chain.
投融资热点方面，美国区块链投融资主要集中在数字资产、金融业、互联网、平台开发等领域；我国则更加关注溯源、供应链金融、数据管理、BaaS 等领域。
With regard to investment in hot spots, United States block chain financing is concentrated mainly in the areas of digital assets, the financial industry, the Internet, platform development, and we are paying greater attention to areas such as traceability, supply chain finance, data management, and BaaS.
▲2010-2020Q3 全球区块链投融资金额
Global block chain financing for 2010-2020Q3
▲2010-2020Q3 全球区块链产业投融资占比
Share of financing of global block chain industries in 2010 - 2020 Q3
产业规模层面，全球新增区块链企业数量持续减缓。虽然全球不断有新增的区块链企业，但增长速度自 2018 年起逐年放缓。截至 2020年 9 月，全球共有区块链企业 3709 家。受到区块链技术尚未规模应用，风险投资减少，前期高速增长自然回落等因素影响，2019 年起全球新增区块链企业数量大幅度回落。
At the level of industry size, the number of new block chains in the world has continued to slow. Although there are new block chains around the globe, growth has slowed year after year since 2018.
当前，区块链企业主要分布在美国和中国，此外，英国、新加坡、瑞士、加拿大等国家和地区也比较重视区块链技术应用发展。垂直行业方面，数字资产成为企业涉足最多的领域，占比达到 35%。此外，金融、互联网、供应链&物流位居第二、三、四位。
In the vertical sector, digital assets are among the largest players, accounting for 35%. In addition, finance, the Internet, supply chain & logistics are ranked second, third, and fourth.
▲全球区块链企业增长趋势
Trends in the growth of global block chains
▲全球各主要国家地区区块链企业占比
Share of global segment chain enterprises in major national regions
▲全球区块链企业垂直行业分类
Vertical Industrial Classification of Global Block Chain Enterprises
专利方面，全球总体区块链专利申请量仍然呈快速增长趋势，中国自 2018 年开始保持在较高的增长水平。2013 年至 2020 年 9 月，全球区块链发明专利申请量达到 3.5 万件，授权量达到 2165 件。
In terms of patents, the global total number of block chain patent applications continues to grow rapidly, with China maintaining a high level of growth since 2018. From 2013 to September 2020, the global number of patent applications for block chain inventions reached 35,000 and the authorized number 2165.
申请量方面中国以 2.1 万件高于其他国家，且授权量方面中国也以 998件处于领先水平。此外，美国、韩国、欧洲区块链专利申请量也位于前列。全球区块链专利申请机构 Top20 中，阿里巴巴、腾讯、IBM、微众银行、Nchain 等排名靠前。
In addition, the US, the Republic of Korea, and Europe are at the top of the list. In Global Block Chain Patent Application, Top20, Ali Baba, Tseng, IBM, Microbanks, Nchain, etc.
▲2013-2020Q3 主要国家地区区块链专利申请量与授权量情况
Number of patent applications and authorizations for block chain in major national areas 2013-2020Q3
科研方面，全球区块链学术研究日趋活跃，核心热点逐渐凸显。数据统计显示 ，截至 2019 年，全球区块链相关学术论文发表量为2793 篇，2018 年起呈大幅上涨趋势。从国家层面看，当前区块链领域研究热度 Top10 的国家分别是中国、美国、英国、印度、德国、韩国、澳大利亚、意大利、加拿大和法国；新加坡虽论文总数不高，但在高水平论文和国际合作论文方面有不俗表现。
At the national level, the current country of Top10 in the area of block chains is China, the United States, India, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Australia, Italy, Canada, and France, respectively; although Singapore has not had a large number of papers, Singapore has shown remarkable performance in terms of high-level papers and international cooperation papers.
从研究领域看，区块链相关文献关键词共现矩阵反映出，当前区块链学术研究主要聚集在六大领域：
In terms of research, the matrix of biographical keywords related to the block chain reflects the current concentration of academic research on the block chain in six main areas:
第一类是研究区块链技术体系，包括网络体系、互信、网络性能，以及区块链技术带来的经济和社会影响；
The first is to study the technical systems of block chains, including network systems, mutual trust, network performance and the economic and social impact of block chain technologies;
第二类主要涉及比特币和加密货币；
The second category is mainly concerned with bitcoin and encrypted currency;
第三类主要涉及数据安全、隐私保护、信任管理、授权；第四类主要涉及智能合约；
The third category concerns data security, privacy protection, trust management, authorization; the fourth category concerns intelligent contracts;
第五类主要涉及物联网、云计算、边缘计算；
Category V relates mainly to network of matter, cloud computing, margin computing;
第六类主要涉及智能电网、智慧城市等应用领域。
The sixth category relates mainly to applications such as smart grids and smart cities.
▲2010—2019 年全球区块链论文产出量
Outputs of papers on global block chains, 2010-2019
▲全球区块链论文发文量统计
Statistics on volume of papers from global block chains
▲区块链热点领域聚类研究示例
Example of a cluster study in the field of hot spots in the chain of blocks
行业组织方面，共建国际生态，推动技术应用发展。经中国信通院统计梳理，截至 2020 年 9 月，美国、中国、欧盟、日本等国家或地区先后的区块链行业组织已增加到 19 个，根据推动主体的不同可以分为三类：
As of September 2020, the number of industry organizations in block chains in countries or regions such as the United States, China, the European Union, Japan and others has increased to 19, depending on the subject matter of the push:
一是技术创新类，以开发解决方案为核心要素，如Hyperledger、Enterprise Ethereum Alliance、InterWork Alliance；
One is the category of technological innovation, with the development of solutions as a core element, such as Hyperledger, Enterprise Etherum Alliance, InterWork Alliance;
二是生态合作类，关注某个国家或地区生态构建所面临的挑战，如可信区块链推进计划、区块链生态联盟、日本区块链协会；
The second is ecological cooperation, focusing on the challenges of ecological construction in a given country or region, such as credible block chain propulsion schemes, block chain ecological alliances, and the Japanese block chain association;
三是行业应用类，基于行业关系探讨应用发展路径，如贸易领域的数字商会、金融业的Interbank Information Network、远洋运输业的 Tradelens。
The third is the industry application, which explores development paths based on industry relations, such as digital chambers of commerce in the area of trade, the international banking network in the financial sector, and the tradelens in the ocean transport industry.
与 2019 年相比，大部分行业组织成员数呈上升势头；但受到组织变动、经济形势等因素影响，EEA、Blockchain in Transport Alliance 等行业组织的成员数量出现一定程度的下滑。目前，成员数量排名前三分别是Interbank Information Network 、R3 和可信区块链推进计划。
Compared to 2019, the number of members of most industry organizations is on the rise; but due to changes in the organization and the economic situation, there has been a certain decline in the number of members of industry organizations such as EEA, Blockchai in Transport Alliance. Currently, the top three members are the International Bank Information Network, R3 and the Credible Block Chain Advancement Programme, respectively.
▲全球区块链行业组织成员变化情况
Changes in membership of the global block chain industry organization
3、我国区块链发展现状
3. Status of the development of the country's block chain
我国区块链政策环境积极向好，企业多领域开拓业务，垂直行业应用落地项目不断涌现，区块链产业蓬勃发展，但应用落地模式仍有待探索。
Our block-chain policy environment has been positive, with businesses opening up in many fields, vertical sector applications emerging and block-chain industries flourishing, but the application of site-based models has yet to be explored.
中央及地方全面启动区块链产业部署，技术重要性被普遍认知。2020 年，我国国家部委、各省政府及省会城市发布与区块链技术有关的政策、法规、方案文件共 217 份，显示出我国各省市积极发展区块链产业，促进自有技术创新，鼓励区块链技术应用落地。
In 2020, our national ministries, provincial governments and provincial capitals issued 217 policy, regulatory and programme documents relating to block chain technology, demonstrating the active development of block chain industries in our provinces and cities, promoting technological innovation and encouraging the deployment of block chain technology.
自“1024”区块链讲话之后，地方政府密切关注区块链技术，积极打造区块链先行应用试点地区。各省政策多数是鼓励区块链技术应用落实，主要集中在创新发展、金融、政务及公共服务等领域，此外也涉及农业、贸易商贸、公共卫生、交通运输、知识产权等方面。
Since the “1024” block chain speech, local governments have paid close attention to block chain technology and have been active in building block chain pilot areas. Most provincial policies have encouraged the application of block chain technology, focusing on innovative development, finance, government and public services, as well as agriculture, trade and commerce, public health, transport, and intellectual property rights.
▲我国区块链政策地域分布
Geographical distribution of the country's block chain policy
截至 2019 年底，全国共有 23 个城市或地区成立 30 余家区块链产业园区。从地理位置来看，北京、上海、杭州、广州、重庆、青岛、长沙等城市区块链产业园区数量较多，形成以北京、山东为主的环渤海聚集效应，以浙江、上海、江苏为主的长江三角洲聚集效应，以广东为主的珠江三角洲聚集效应和以重庆、湖南为主的湘黔渝聚集效应。
By the end of 2019, 23 cities or districts had established 30 or more sector-based industrial parks. Geographically, Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Qing Island, Changsha, and other urban areas have a large number of sector-based industrial parks, resulting in a confluence of the sea around Beijing and Shandong, a concentration of the Yangtze delta, which is dominated by Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu, and a concentration of the Pearl delta, which is dominated by Guangdong, and a confluence of Chongqing and Hunan.
结合产业园的定位发展，均是以为企业服务为前提，打造区块链创新平台和产业高地，这样的定位也为企业的聚集效应提供了基础。
In the context of the development of industrial parks, the creation of block-chain innovation platforms and industrial highs is premised on business services, which also provide the basis for the confluence effect of enterprises.
▲全国区块链园区情况示例
Example of the situation in the National Block Chain Park
从总体发展阶段判断，我国区块链产业发展与全球其他国家基本保持同步水平。2018 年，我国新增区块链企业数量迎来高峰。2019年起，受到风险资本热情减弱、投资自然回落等因素影响，新增区块链企业数量大幅下降。截至 2019 年底，已有超过 80 家上市公司涉足区块链领域，积极部署供应链金融、资产管理、跨境支付、跨境贸易等领域的应用。
By the end of 2019, more than 80 listed companies had been involved in the sector chain, actively deploying applications in the areas of supply chain finance, asset management, cross-border payments, cross-border trade and so on.
随着我国区块链产业链逐渐完善，多数区块链企业不止聚焦于某一方面，呈现多领域协同发展态势。据统计，国家互联网信息办公布的 801 个区块链信息服务备案清单中，北京、广州、上海、浙江、江苏、山东为备案企业最多的省市。
As the industrial chain of the block chain is gradually perfected, most block chain enterprises are focusing on more than one aspect, showing a multidisciplinary and coordinated development. According to statistics, 801 block chain information service lists published by the National Internet Information Office include Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shandong, the largest number of registered businesses in the provinces and cities.
▲国内区块链企业数量变化
Changes in the number of domestic block chain enterprises
▲四批次备案区块链企业地区分布
Distribution of four batch block chain enterprise areas
与技术特征相对应的区块链核心作用，主要体现在存证、自动化协作和价值转移三方面，随着其价值潜力不断被挖掘，应用落地场景已从金融这个突破口，逐步向实体经济和政务民生等多领域拓展。
The central role of the block chain, which corresponds to technical characteristics, is reflected mainly in the three dimensions of documentation, automated collaboration and value transfer. As their value potential continues to be exploited, the fielding of applications has gradually expanded from the financial entry point to multiple areas, such as the real economy and the livelihood of the people in politics.
区块链针对实体经济的核心价值正是促进产业上下游高效协作，提升产融结合效能。发展前期，区块链应用模式主要以文件、合同等的存证为主。现阶段，区块链产业应用正逐步向政务数据共享、供应链协同、跨境贸易等自动化协作和价值互联迈进。
The core value of the block chain for the real economy is to promote efficient collaboration between industries up and down, and to improve the efficiency of production integration. In the pre-development phase, the block chain application model is mainly based on documentation, contracts, etc.
▲区块链应用场景及典型建设模式梳理
Queue block chain application scenes and typical construction mode collating
▲四批次备案区块链企业技术及应用分布
Distribution of technology and applications of the four batch block chain enterprises
金融是区块链技术应用场景中探索最多的领域，在供应链金融、贸易融资、支付清算、资金管理等细分领域都有具体的项目落地。截至 2020 年 11 月国内已备案的区块链信息服务中，金融（含供应链金融）领域项目数量排名第一，占比高达 36%。
Finance is the area most explored in the context of the technology application of the block chain, with specific projects in the areas of supply chain finance, trade finance, settlement of payments, and financial management. As of November 2020, the number of projects in the area of finance (including supply chain finance) was the highest, with 36 per cent.
▲金融企业区块链落地领域示例
Example of the financial enterprise block chain landing area
随着区块链应用落地加快推进，“区块链+”业务已经成为互联网骨干企业进军区块链行业的发展重点，在金融业务之外，积极部署互联网、溯源、供应链&物流、数字资产、政务及公共服务、知识产权、法律、医疗等多领域的应用。
As block-chain applications accelerate, the “block-chain-plus” business has become a priority in the development of the Internet backbone industry in the military-block-chain industry, with the active deployment of the Internet, traceability, supply chain & logistics, digital assets, government and public services, intellectual property rights, law, and medical applications outside financial operations.
▲互联网骨干企业区块链应用布局一览
An overview of the layout of the Internet-based backbone of the enterprise block chain
02.
区块链技术发展态势
Technical developments in block chains
现阶段，由核心技术、扩展技术和配套技术三者组成的区块链技术体系已逐步成形，未来将继续在数据流通、网络规模、技术运维、平台安全等方面创新演进。
At this stage, the technical system of block chains, consisting of core, extension and supporting technologies, has evolved and will continue to evolve in the future in terms of data flow, network size, technology dimensions, platform security, etc.
1、区块链技术图谱
1. Technical map of the block chain
区块链作为一种综合性技术，其技术组成按重要程度可分为核心技术、扩展技术、配套技术三类。核心技术指一个完整的区块链系统必须要包含的技术，包括密码算法、对等式网络、共识机制、智能合约、数据存储；扩展技术指进一步扩展区块链服务能力的相关技术，包括可扩展性、互操作性、协同治理、安全隐私；配套技术指提升区块链系统安全性、优化使用体验等相关技术，包括系统安全、运维部署、基础设施。
As an integrated technology, the technical composition of the block chain can be divided into three categories: core technology, extension technology, and supporting technology, depending on the level of importance. Core technology is the technology that a complete block chain system must include, including cryptographic algorithms, reciprocal networks, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, data storage; extension technology is the technology that further expands the capacity to service the block chain, including scalability, interoperability, synergistic governance, security privacy; and supporting technology is the technology that enhances the safety of the block chain system, optimizing the use experience, including system security, transport deployment, infrastructure, etc.
▲区块链技术图谱示意图
A technical map of the chain of blocks
核心技术现状：2014 年以太坊的诞生，奠定了区块链系统的五大核心技术，包括密码算法、对等式网络、共识机制、智能合约、数据存储。
Status of core technologies: The birth of Taiyo in 2014 laid down five core technologies for block chain systems, including cryptographic algorithms, peer networks, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts and data storage.
（1）、密码算法。国密支持成为多数联盟链标准配置。2020 年 1 月 1 日起实施的《中华人民共和国密码法》，加速了国内联盟链对国密算法的支持进度，国密支持占比逐步提升，逐渐成为联盟链的标准配置。据 2020年可信区块链评测结果显示，受测厂商目前国密支持占比已达 82%，其中，SM2、SM3、SM4 支持率分别占比 79%、75%、68%。
(i) cryptographic algorithms. State secrets support became the standard configuration of most Union chains. The People's Republic of China Password Act, implemented since 1 January 2020, accelerated the process of supporting the national secret algorithms in the domestic union chain, gradually increasing the state secret support ratio and gradually becoming the standard configuration of the union chain. According to the results of the 2020 credible block chain assessment, the measured vendor now has 82% state secrets support, of which SM2, SM3, SM4 support rates are 79%, 75%, 68%, respectively.
▲2020 国密算法支持率
2020 State Secret Algorithm Support Rate
（2）、对等网络。兼顾通信效率与去中心程度的混合型网络成为主流。对等网络按网络结构可分为无结构网络、结构化网络、混合型网络。无结构网络鲁棒性好，去中心化程度高，但通信冗余严重，容易形成网络风暴，如经典 Gossip 网络；有结构网络牺牲了去中心化程度，按照一定策略维护网络拓扑结构，提升通信效率，如类 DHT（(Distributed Hash Table，分布式哈希表）网络；混合型网络作为一种折中方案，兼顾了通信效率与去中心化程度。随着区块链网络规模的扩大，出于对高效通信策以及网络治理的需要，混合型网络逐渐成为行业主流方案。
(ii) Reciprocal networks. Mixed networks that combine communication efficiency with decentralisation are mainstreamed. Reciprocal networks can be divided by network structure into unstructured networks, structured networks, and hybrid networks. Unstructured networks are good, decentralized, but redundancies of communication are high and prone to network storms, such as classic Gossip networks; structured networks sacrifice decentralization to maintain network build-up structures and improve communications efficiency, such as the DHT (distributed Hash Table); mixed networks, as a compromise solution, combine communication efficiency with decentralization.
（3）、共识机制。联盟链偏好高效、确定性的共识机制，多共识支持趋势凸显。相对于公链希望“全民公投”的共识，联盟链注重共识效率和共识确定性，如类 BFT 共识、Raft 共识等。此外，为适应不同应用场景，参与测试的联盟链产品超 6 成已提供可插拔多种共识机制的支持，多共识支持逐渐成为主流。
Alliance chains focus on consensus efficiency and consensus certainty, such as the BFT consensus, Raft consensus, and so forth, as opposed to the consensus that the public chain wants to “referendums.” Moreover, in order to adapt to different applications, the tested coalition chain product is over 6, which provides support for a variety of consensus mechanisms that can be inserted, and many consensus support is gradually becoming mainstream.
▲2020 共识机制支持率
Rate of support for the consensus mechanism
（4）、智能合约。合约类型头部效应凸显，Go 和 Java 支持率位列前茅。依托Hyperledger Fabric 和以太坊的强大生态，Chaincode 合约和 EVM 合约备受欢迎，成为多数联盟链都支持的合约类型。此外，WASM 合约凭借移植性好、加载快、效率高、社区生态好的特点，成为区块链合约体系的新宠。在合约语言类型方面，超过 75%的链系统支持多种合约语言，Go 和 Java 依然是当前支持率最高的两种语言。
(iv) Smart contracts. The head effects of the contract type are highlighted, and Go and Java support rates are among the top. By the powerful ecology of Hyperledger Fabric and Etheria, Chaincode and EVM contracts are popular and are the type of contracts supported by most of the alliances. Moreover, the WASM contract is a new pet of the block-chain contract system by virtue of its portability, speed, efficiency, and eco-efficiency. In terms of the contractual language type, more than 75% of the chain systems support multiple contract languages, and Go and Java remain the two languages with the highest current support rates.
▲2020 合约语言支持率
2020 Contract Language Support Rate
（5）、数据存储。读写高效的 NoSQL 数据库成为主流，国内数据库崭露头角。区块链作为一种 IO 敏感的分布式数据库，底层存储通常首选效率较高的 NoSQL 数据库，如 LevelDB、CouchDB、RocksDB 等。同时，鉴于应用层多使用关系型数据库的现实，32%的链系统还提供了对MySQL、SQLServer 的支持，即提供灵活可插拔的多种数据库支持。
(5) Data storage. Read-and-write NoSQL databases are mainstreamed, and domestic databases appear. Block chains are an IO-sensitive distributed database, with lower-level storage of typically more efficient NoSQL databases, such as Leveldb, CouchDB, RocksDB. At the same time, in view of the reality of multi-use relationships databases in the application layer, 32% of the chain systems also provide support for MySQL, SQLServer, which provides flexible, multi-database support.
此外，得益于国内数据库的快速发展，11%的链系统增加了对国内数据库的支持。为了满足不同的应用场景，68%的链系统提供了多种数据库的支持。
In addition, thanks to the rapid development of domestic databases, 11 per cent of chain systems increased their support for domestic databases. 68 per cent of chain systems provided support for multiple databases to meet different application scenarios.
▲2020 数据存储支持率
2020 Data storage support rate
扩展技术现状：随着区块链应用广度和深度的不断拓展，行业对区块链的要求逐渐攀升。行业需求的变化催生了一系列扩展技术来对链系统进行优化，具体包括可扩展性、互操作性、协同治理、安全隐私四个方面。
Current status of extension technologies: Industry’s demands for block chains have risen as the size and depth of the block chain has expanded. Changes in industry’s demand have led to a range of extension technologies to optimize the chain system, including the four dimensions of scalability, interoperability, synergistic governance, and security privacy.
（1）、可扩展性。可扩展性成为提升系统性能的关键技术。广义的可扩展性包括性能可扩展和功能可扩展两个方面，性能可扩展专注于通过横向扩展提升交易吞吐量，功能可扩展专注于通过横向扩展增强区块链服务能力（又称互操作性）。
(1) Scalability. Scalability is a key technology to enhance systemic performance. Broadly scalable includes both scalable performance and scalable functionality, with scalable performance focusing on horizontal expansion to increase transactional throughput and scalable functionality focusing on horizontal expansion to enhance block chain service capabilities (also known as interoperability).
以支付为例，当前支付平台 Visa 平均 2000 笔/秒，峰值 56000 笔/秒的交易速度对区块链性能提出了更高的要求。而区块链系统受限于共识机制、对等网络、密码算法等约束，单机性能存在上限，因此可扩展性就成为进一步提升区块链处理能力的关键技术。目前，常见的可扩展性技术包括分片机制、闪电网络、状态通道、以及 DAG（Directed Acyclic Graph，有向无环图）共识。
In the case of payments, the current payment platform Visa has an average of 2000 pens/seconds, with a peak of 56000 pens/seconds of transactions requiring higher requirements for block chain performance. While block chain systems are limited to consensus mechanisms, peer-to-peer networks, password algorithms, and so single function ceilings, scalability becomes a key technology for further upgrading block chain processing capacity.
（2）、互操作性。互操作快速发展，整体任重道远。互操作性指区块链系统实例与其他系统实例或组成部分之间交换信息，并对所交换信息加以使用的能力 。具体包括用于解决上层应用与底层链紧耦合问题的应用层互操作，用于解决“链级孤岛”的链间互操作，以及用于解决链上链下安全可信交互的链下数据互操作三个方面。
(ii) Interoperability. Interoperability is growing rapidly, and there is a long way to go. Interoperability refers to the ability to exchange information between examples of block chain systems and other system examples or components, and to use the information exchanged. This includes the application layer that is used to solve the problem of synergizing upper-level applications with the bottom chain, the inter-chain interoperability that is used to resolve “chain-level islands” and the three aspects of inter-chain data interoperability that are used to resolve the security and credible interactions in the chain.
应用层互操作方面，部分 BaaS 厂商通过 Restful、RPC 等方式初步实现了上层应用与不同底层链的解耦问题；
With regard to the interoperability of the application layers, some BaaS manufacturers have initially achieved the decoupling of upper-level applications with different bottom chains through restful, RPC, etc.;
链间互操作方面，据2020 可信区块链测试情况观察，已有 46%链系统提供了跨链方案，中继链技术路线占比最高，代表性项目包括 WeCross、BitXHub、ODATS、Hyperledger Cactus 等，以上跨链项目均已实现对 Fabric 的跨链互通；
With regard to inter-linkage interoperability, 46 per cent of the chain system has provided a cross-chain programme, with the highest number of technical links in the trunking chain, as observed in the 2020 credible block chain testing, and representative projects such as WeCross, BitXHub, ODATS, Hyperledger Cactus etc., all of which have achieved cross-linkage connectivity for Fabric;
链下数据互操作方面，TEE（Trust Execution Environment，可信执行环境）、Oracle（预言机）、SMPC（Secure Multi-Party Computation，安全多方计算）等数据安全交互技术得到初步应用。
With regard to data interoperability in the chain, initial applications were made of data security interactive techniques such as TEE (Trust Exchange Environment, Credible Implementation Environment), Oracle (forecasting machine), SMPC (Secure Multi-Party Computation, Secure Multipartition).
▲2020 链间互操作方案技术路线统计
Statistics on the technical routes of the Inter-linkages Interoperability Programme
▲2020 链间互操作方案支持的底层链类型统计
Statistics of the bottom chain type supported by the Inter-linkages Interoperability Programme
互操作难本质是技术先行、标准滞后的一种表现，因此，解决互操作难题的关键在于，需要行业不同参与方凝聚共识，加强标准建设，以标准引导技术，技术反哺标准的思路稳步推进互操作发展进程。
The difficulty of interoperability is by its very nature a manifestation of technological pre-eminence and standards lag, so the key to resolving the interoperability challenge lies in the need for consensus-building among the different players in the industry, the strengthening of standards-building, the use of standard-guiding technology, and the steady advancement of the process of interoperability through the idea of technical anti-breathing standards.
（3）、 协同治理。协同治理发展缓慢，依然存在难点。区块链作为一种去中心化的账本系统，强调各参与方之间是平等合作的模式。相对于传统的中心化服务，多参与方间地位平等的合作模式增加了协同治理的难度。区块链治理是指创建、修改、更新系统规则的决策过程，可分为链下治理和链上治理两种类型。
(iii) Synergy in governance. The difficulty remains. Block chains, as a decentralised system of accounts, emphasize a model of equal cooperation among participants. The model of multi-participating cooperation, as opposed to traditional centralized services, increases the difficulty of synergistic governance. Block chain governance refers to the decision-making process of creating, modifying, and updating the rules of the system, which can be divided into two types of governance: below and above the chain.
链下治理常见形式为核心参与方组建的治理委员会，治理规则通常由治理委员会投票决策；链上治理指治理规则通常被编码在治理协议中，由各参与方对决策进行线上投票裁决。
Governance under the chain is often in the form of governance committees formed by core participants, and governance rules are usually voted on by governance committees; governance rules in the chain are often coded in governance agreements and decision-making is decided online by participants.
（4）、安全隐私。合约安全和隐私保护成为焦点。区块链作为去中心化的账本系统，不同节点安全防护能力参差不齐，导致系统存在被攻击的风险；合约编写者能力参差不齐，加之缺乏便捷、有效的合约自动审计方案，导致合约安全事故频发，已成为区块链安全的重灾区；区块链去中心化、准匿名的特性，加之缺乏有效的监管手段，导致链系统存在被滥用的风险。
(4) Security and privacy. The focus is on contract security and privacy protection. Block chains, as decentralized accounting systems, have varying security protection capabilities at different nodes, leading to a risk of attack on the system; contract writers'varying capabilities, coupled with the lack of an easy and effective automatic contract audit programme, have led to frequent contract security incidents and become a major disaster area for the safety of the block chain; and the centralization, quasi-nomity and lack of effective regulatory tools, leading to a risk of abuse of the chain system.
随着链上数据的不断丰富，应用场景的不断拓展，数据流通过程中的隐私问题日益凸显。如用户身份信息、资产信息、交易流水等信息通常需要采用一定的技术手段提升数据流通过程中的隐私保护能力，常见方法除了传统的数据加密、权限控制、数据加外，还引入零知识证明、同态加密等密码算法，以及 TEE 、MPC、联邦学习等提升多方协同场景中的隐私保护能力，实现数据的“可用而不可见”。
As the data chain becomes richer and the application landscape expands, the issue of privacy becomes more evident in the data flow. Information such as user identification information, asset information, transactional fluids, etc., usually requires a certain amount of technical means to enhance privacy protection during data flow. Common methods, in addition to traditional data encryption, access control, data plus, also introduce password algorithms such as proof of zero knowledge, same-state encryption, and TEE, MPC, federal learning, etc., to enhance privacy protection in multiple synergistic settings, so that data are “available and invisible”.
配套技术现状：区块链作为一种软件系统，其实际应用过程中还需要配套技术提升系统安全性，优化使用体验，加速区块链发展进程，具体包括系统管理、操作运维、基础设施三个方面。
Current status of supporting technology: The block chain as a software system will also require supporting technology in its practical application to enhance system security, optimize experience in its use, and accelerate the process of development of the block chain, specifically in the areas of system management, operational wiring and infrastructure.
（1）、系统管理。多技术融合加固系统稳定，合规监管任重道远。系统管理层负责对区块链体系结构中其他部分进行管理，主要包含权限管理和节点管理两类功能。对于许可链而言，权限管理是区块链技术的关键部分，尤其对于对数据访问有更多要求。
(i) System management. Multi-technology integration and consolidation systems are stable, and compliance monitoring has a long way to go. The management of the system is responsible for the management of other parts of the block chain structure, mainly covering both competency management and node management functions. For licensing chains, competency management is a key part of block chain technology, particularly with regard to data access requirements.
区块链作为一种综合多种技术的去中心化复杂系统，实际使用过程中，面临系统安全、合规安全问题。同传统中心化服务一样，链系统安全当前主要涉及 DDoS 攻击、女巫攻击、日蚀攻击等网络攻击行为，常用防御手段包括设立代理节点、强化网络身份认证体系、网络限流等。为了促进区块链系统稳定合规发展，需要从政策法规和技术工具两方面强化监管机制的落地实施。
As in the case of traditional centralization services, chain security is currently mainly concerned with cyberattacks such as DDoS attacks, witch attacks, solar erosion attacks, etc. The usual defensive tools include the establishment of proxy nodes, the enhancement of network identity certification systems, network restrictions, etc. In order to promote stable compliance development of block chain systems, there is a need to strengthen the local implementation of regulatory mechanisms, both in terms of policy regulations and technical tools.
（2）、操作运维。云链融合简化运维操作，提升运维效率。区块链作为一种融合了密码算法、对等网络、共识机制、智能合约等多种技术的复杂系统，系统部署运维难度大，提升了区块链的使用门槛。据 2020 可信区块链评测统计，为降低运维难度，89%的厂商利用成熟的 Docker、Kubernetes 等技术，已实现对链系统的自动化部署，以及便捷运维。
As a complex system that integrates a variety of technologies, such as cryptographic algorithms, peer-to-peer networks, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, etc., deployment of systems is difficult, raising the threshold for the use of block chains. According to the 2020 credible block chain assessment, 89% of manufacturers have already automated deployments of chain systems, using mature technologies such as Docker, Kubernetes, and handy transport.
在此基础上，提供了 BaaS（Blockchain as a Service，区块链即服务）服务、支持多链多云部署的 BAF（Blockchain Automation Framework，区块链自动化框架）、以及开箱即用的区块链软硬件一体机，大大降低了链系统运维部署的难度与工作量。
On this basis, the provision of Baas (Blockchain as a Service, block chain, service) services, BAF (Blockchain Automation Framewerk, framework for block chain automation) in support of multi-chain, cloud-based deployments, and open-box, ready-to-use block chain hardware and hardware integration machines have significantly reduced the difficulty and workload of chain system deployment.
（3）、基础设施。通用基础设施已完善成熟，专用基础设施亟待加强。区块链的基础设施分为通用基础设施和专用基础设施两类。通用基础设施指链系统和传统互联网服务使用过程中都需要的软硬件资源，具有通用性，如通信网络、云平台等；专用基础设施指链系统使用过程中所特需的软硬件资源，如统一的链资源管理系统、以及数字身份管理系统。
(iii) Infrastructure. General infrastructure is well established and the dedicated infrastructure needs to be strengthened. The infrastructure of the block chain is divided into general infrastructure and specialized infrastructure. The hardware and software resources needed in the use of the generic infrastructure index system and traditional Internet services are common, such as communications networks, cloud platforms, etc.; and the software and hardware resources required in the use of the dedicated infrastructure chain system, such as the unified chain resource management system and the digital identity management system.
通用基础设施经过多年发展，已相对成熟，微软、谷歌、亚马逊、阿里、腾讯、华为、百度等云厂商已将区块链服务集成到各自的云产品中，提供开箱即用的区块链服务。专用基础设施涉及区块链治理以及相关标准规范的制定，尚处于行业早期，随着不同链互联互通需求的喷发，将会促进区块链专用基础设施建设进程。
General-purpose infrastructure has developed over the years and is relatively mature, with cloud producers such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Ali, Tseng, Huaiyo, and Peidu integrating block chain services into their respective cloud products, providing open-box and ready-to-use block chain services. Special-purpose infrastructure, which involves block chain governance and the development of relevant standard norms, is still in the early stages of the industry and will facilitate the process of building a dedicated infrastructure of the sector chain as the demand for interconnectivity between different chains erupts.
2、区块链技术发展趋势
2. Trends in block chain technology development
当前联盟链的技术逐渐步入成熟稳定期，同时为了适应不同的业务场景需求，技术发展不断朝着数据管理更高效、网络规模更广泛、技术运维更精细、平台安全更可控方向探索突破。
The technology in the current coalition chain is gradually entering a period of maturity and stability, while technological developments are constantly moving towards more efficient data management, a wider network, more sophisticated technology and security for the platform, in order to adapt to different business scenarios, allow the prosecution to explore breakthroughs.
（1）、数据流通更高效。联盟数据的互联互通，包含联盟链治理模式的升级演进以及区块链配合链外多方数据，实现共享流通。2020 年主流联盟链平台越来越重视链的治理功能，联盟链一般由多方参与，有关平台的建设、使用、管理应由联盟多方共建，治理模式逐渐在一方牵头，超级管理员主导的模式上，提供更加精细公平的方式。
(1) Data flow is more efficient. Alliance data are connected, including the evolution of the governance model of the chain of alliances and the multiplicity of data outside the chain of blocks. In 2020, the mainstream platform of the chain of alliances is increasingly focused on the governance function of the chain, which is typically multi-partite, with the platform being built, used, managed by the coalition, with the governance model gradually taking the lead on one side and the supermanager-led model providing a more refined and equitable approach.
比如成立联盟运营委员会，以多中心化的方式代替独家管理。运营委员会共同对联盟链的各种事务进行讨论和决策，包括联盟链的准入审批、规则制定和执行、日常运营等，以保障链上交易规则的有效性和合理性。
For example, an Alliance Operations Committee has been set up to replace exclusive management in a multi-centralized manner. The Operations Committee has worked together to discuss and take decisions on various aspects of the chain of alliances, including access clearance, rule-making and enforcement, and day-to-day operations, to safeguard the validity and legitimacy of the rules governing transactions in the chain.
在链外数据协同方面，随着数据交换、共享力度的加大，其权属、合规性、安全性等诸多风险开始显现，出现了数据共享难以及隐私无法得到保障等问题，区块链技术可使得数据权属更易确认，可为跨组织的数据协作提供共享安全性，同时是链外流通元信息的可信存储媒介，作为新型解决方案得到了业界的关注。
In the area of data synergies outside the chain, with increased data exchange and sharing, the risks of tenure, compliance and security are beginning to emerge, problems of data sharing and privacy insecurity arise, and block chain technology can make data tenure easier to identify and provide shared security for cross-organizational data collaboration, as well as a credible repository of information in circulation outside the chain, which is of interest to industry as a new solution.
2020 年也看到了越来越多区块链结合安全多方计算技术、可信执行环境技术等等，在链外数据流通方面提供解决思路，并最终在链上实现数据确权，信息存储锚定，实现更广泛的数据协同。
In 2020, an increasing number of blocks were seen combining secure multi-dimensional computing techniques, credible enforcement of environmental technologies, etc., to provide solutions to data flows outside the chain and ultimately to achieve data validation rights, information storage anchors and broader data synergies.
（2）、网络规模更广泛。网络规模更广泛，包含单一区块链网络规模的扩展以及链间的互操作。首先对于单一联盟链网络来说，一般采用拜占庭容错共识算法，但随着共识节点数量增多，网络需要交换的信息增多，系统负载及网络通信量增大，造成性能下降，单一网络规模受到局限。
(2) The network is broader in scope, including the expansion of a single block chain network and interoperability between the chains. First, the Byzantine default algorithm is generally used for a single chain network, but as the number of consensus nodes increases, the network needs to exchange more information, system loads and network traffic increase, resulting in reduced performance and a limited single network size.
2020 年我们可以看到联盟链共识算法正结合更多的技术进行优化，比如将共识算法网络复杂度与共识节点规模解耦，节点类型分为共识节点、非共识节点等，通过引入 VRF（可验证随机函数）保证共识节点选取随机性和公平性；采用 DAG（有向无环图）数据结构提升系统吞吐量、结合密码学算法优化共识效率等等，整体上单一网络规模不断提升。
In 2020, we can see that the coalition chain consensus algorithm is being optimized in conjunction with additional technologies, such as the condensed complexity of the network of consensus algorithms and the condensed size of the consensus nodes, nonconsensual nodes, etc., ensuring randomity and fairness of consensus nodes by introducing VRFs (verifiable random functions); the use of DAG (with no ring map) data structures to upgrade system abstinence, optimized consensus efficiency in combination with cryptography algorithms, and so on, the overall single network is increasing in size.
链间互操作是指不同区块链系统实例之间交换信息，并对所交换信息加以使用的能力，又可称之为跨链。具体指不同区块链系统实例之间通过协商好的接口、通信协议、共识协议实现信息的安全可信交互。主要用于解决区块链世界“链级孤岛”问题，实现不同区块链系统之间的数据互通、价值流动。
Inter-chain interoperability refers to the ability to exchange information between examples of different block chain systems and to use the information exchanged, which can be described as cross-linkages. Specifically, it refers to a credible interaction of information security between examples of different block chain systems through negotiated interfaces, communication agreements, consensus agreements.
为了应对链间互操作的挑战，旨在搭建链与链之间可信交互渠道的跨链技术逐渐成为业界关注的焦点，高效通用的跨链技术是实现万链互联的关键。跨链技术能够连通分散的区块链生态孤岛，成为区块链整体向外拓展的桥梁纽带。2020 年，业界在跨链领域已有大量的探索和积累，正成为业界技术发展的热点方向。
In response to the challenge of inter-linkages, cross-chain technologies aimed at establishing credible inter-linkages between chains have gradually become the focus of industry, and efficient cross-chain technologies are key to achieving inter-linkages. Cross-chain technologies can connect scattered block-chain eco-islands, becoming a bridge link for the overall outward expansion of block chains.
（3）、技术运维更精细。2020 年联盟链的核心技术逐渐过渡到相对成熟稳定的阶段，行业着力对不同的技术点进行完善优化，不断简化降低部署运维成本，为满足不同的应用场景快速建链提供了更加精细的功能与服务。在技术实现方面，核心技术点包括共识机制、加密算法、智能合约、对等网络不断夯实优化外。
In 2020, the core technology of the Union chain gradually moved to a stage of relative maturity and stability, with industry focusing on refining and optimizing different technology points, streamlining deployment costs and providing more sophisticated functions and services for rapid chain-building for different application scenarios. In terms of technology realization, the core technology points include consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, smart contracts, and peer networks.
行业在应对大量数据突发请求场景下未雨绸缪，包括提供网络流量控制，灵活根据系统处理能力过滤暴涨的业务请求，保障服务持续可用；提供账本数据量控制，以应对账本无限增长情况下，账本占用过多资源，影响节点运行等。
Industry is proactive in responding to a large number of data flash requests, including the provision of network traffic controls, flexibility to filter surges in business requests based on system processing capacity, and assurance of the continued availability of services; and the provision of book volume controls to cope with an unlimited growth in bookkeeping, which consumes excessive resources and affects node operations, among other things.
目的是在特殊场景下仍可保证区块链系统稳定可靠，服务可用。并且行业也在逐步完善联盟链的账户角色体系，以配合更加完备的权限控制管理功能，不同的权限统归到不同角色，用户根据所属角色即可判断其所拥有的权限，以此使得多方可以更好的共建合作。
The aim is to ensure that block-chain systems are stable, reliable, and serviceable in particular contexts. The industry is also gradually refining the account-playing system of the chain of alliances in order to align it with a more complete control of management functions, with different competencies coming to different players, and users are able to judge their competencies according to their role, thus enabling better co-building.
在部署运维方面，越来越多的区块链底层配备有相应的上层服务管理应用，可屏蔽底层技术细节，提升易用性，简化运维；同时区块链即服务（BaaS）平台，不断简化节点部署，支持私有化部署、跨机房地域部署、混合部署等模式，可满足联盟链不同参与方的不同诉求，降低接入门槛。
In terms of deployment dimensions, a growing number of block-chain bottoms are equipped with corresponding top-level service management applications that can shield bottom-level technical details, enhance ease of use and simplify the dimensions of the transport, while the block-chain, the service (BaaS) platform, continues to streamline node deployment and supports models such as privatized deployments, over-flight territorial deployments and hybrid deployments that meet the diverse demands of different participants in the chain and lower access thresholds.
（4）、平台安全更可控。平台安全以及技术可控始终是行业关注的重点问题，2020 年行业内也不断出现自研软硬件一体机的解决方案，结合国内品牌服务器，操作系统，集合软硬件一体。并根据政府、企业用户提供强隐私、高安全的区块链整套应用部署方案。在当前特殊的背景下，正成为行业技术发展的一种选择。
Platform security and technology control have always been industry concerns, and self-researching of software and hardware as one machine has continued to emerge in 2020 in the industry, combining domestic brand servers, operating systems, and pooling of software and hardware as one. Based on government, business users provide a secure, secure block chain deployment package. In this particular context, it is becoming an option for industry technology development.
在密码学上，国密算法逐渐成为联盟链的标准配置，包括适配区块链运用较多的哈希算法、数字签名，到逐步适配国密证书、国密传输协议等完整的全国密技术方案，以此提升系统的安全可控。
In cryptology, State secret algorithms have gradually become the standard configuration of the chain of alliances, including the use of more Hashi algorithms, digital signatures in the appropriate block chain, to the progressive adaptation of complete national secret technology programmes such as state secret certificates, state secret transmission protocols, etc., as a means of increasing the system's security controlability.
同时平台安全涉及到链上数据隐私保护，2020 年越来越多的联盟链平台提供了链上同态加密，支持链上密文的可计算；提供群环签名，节点验证交易正确性的同时，不会暴露交易发起者的信息；零知识证明，可让一方不需在链上提供敏感信息的情况下，证明某个链上信息的正确性。行业内各种隐私算法技术正不断在隐私性、可用性上不断探索突破。同时如何保证链上数据隐私的情况下，仍可被监管，也是行业不断攻克发展的方向。
At the same time, platform security concerns the protection of data privacy on the chain, and in 2020 an increasing number of coalition-chain platforms provided homogenous encryption on the chain to support the computation of the secret messages on the chain; the provision of group loop signatures, nodes validating the correctness of the transaction without exposing the information of the originator of the transaction; and zero proof of knowledge, allowing a party to prove the correctness of information on a chain without having to provide sensitive information on the chain. Various privacy algorithms within the industry are constantly exploring breakthroughs in privacy and usability.
03.
区块链产业发展态势
Developments in the block chain industry
随着区块链技术的不断深入，区块链产业基础越来越好，产业生态发展迅速，产业链分布日益广泛。进入 2020 年，区块链产业链已逐步成形，各类产业主体均积极发力布局。在众多因素的积极推动下，产业整体呈现出良好的发展态势。
As block chain technology deepens, the sector’s industrial base grows better, the industry’s ecological development is growing faster, and the industrial chain is becoming more widely distributed. In 2020, the sector’s industrial chain has gradually taken shape, with all types of industry actively developing.
1、区块链产业图谱
1. Map of the block chain industry
区块链产业图谱可以分为横向、纵向两个不同维度进行观察。纵向上，根据所属环节的不同，区块链产业可以分为底层技术、平台服务、产业应用、周边服务四大板块；横向上，根据参与主体的不同，包括科技公司、初创企业和上市公司等在内的各类企业已先后布局。
The block chain industry can be seen in two different dimensions, horizontally and vertically. Vertically, depending on the chain, the block chain industry can be divided into four main sections: bottom technology, platform services, industrial applications, and peripheral services; horizontally, enterprises, including technology companies, start-ups, listed companies, etc., have been organized in successive phases, depending on the participants.
（1）、区块链产业链逐步成型。我国区块链产业发展起步较早，但发展初期存在方向不清，鱼龙混杂的情况，市场发展亟待规范。2019 年以来，政府高层进一步为区块链发展指明方向，重点服务于实体经济的产业区块链发展思路已成为行业共识，区块链产业在我国得到迅速发展，集合技术研发、平台支撑、服务配套、行业应用于一体的产业链逐步成型，其产业结构如下图所示。
(i) The industrial chain of the block chain is gradually taking shape. The development of the sector chain started earlier in the country, but there was a lack of direction at the beginning of the development process, a mixture of fish and fish stocks, and market development. Since 2019, the Government has given further direction to the development of the sector chain. The idea of the development of the sector chain, which focuses on the real economy, has become an industry consensus. The sector has developed rapidly in the country, with the development of a chain of clusters of technology research and development, platform support, service packages, industry applications for a single industry, with its industrial structure gradually taking shape, as shown in the figure below.
▲区块链产业图谱
A map of the block chain industry
从产业结构来看，区块链产业重要分为底层技术、平台服务、产业应用、周边服务四部分。其中前三部分呈现出较为明显的上下游关系，分别由底层技术部分提供区块链必要的技术产品和组件，平台服务部分基于底层技术搭建出可运行相应行业应用的区块链平台，产业应用部分主要根据各行业实际场景，利用区块链技术开发行业应用，实现行业内业务协同模式革新。
In terms of the structure of the industry, the block chain industry is divided into four main components: bottom technologies, platform services, industrial applications, and peripheral services. The first three of these components show a more visible upstream-downstream relationship, with the bottom technology component providing the necessary technical products and components for the block chain, the platform service component building on bottom-level technologies to develop block-chain platforms that can operate the industry's applications, and the industrial application component is based mainly on industry realities, using the block-chain technology to develop industry applications and achieve business synergy model innovations within the industry.
周边服务部分则为行业提供支撑服务，其中包括行业组织、市场研究、标准制定、系统测评认证、行业媒体等，为产业生态发展提供动力。
The peripheral services component provides support services for the industry, including industry organization, market research, standard-setting, system-testing certification, industry media, etc., to provide an impetus for the ecological development of the industry.
底层技术。该部分企业主要提供区块链提供底层核心技术产品或服务。其中，硬件基础设施是区块链运行的必要载体，除了传统硬件制造商提供通用的计算、存储、网络设备外，还有类似嘉楠耘智、比特大陆等企业提供专用硬件设备，或者直接为用户提供服务。
This part of the enterprise mainly provides block chains to provide the underlying core technical products or services. In this case, the hardware infrastructure is a necessary vehicle for the operation of block chains. In addition to the conventional hardware manufacturers, which provide generic computing, storage, network equipment, there are enterprises such as Kananji, Bitcontinent, etc. that provide specialized hardware equipment or provide services directly to users.
该部分国内参与企业主要是科技巨头和区块链技术初创企业，代表型企业有：百度、蚂蚁链、腾讯、京东、趣链、纸贵等。
This part of the country's participating enterprises consists mainly of technology giants and technology start-ups in block chains, represented by 100 degrees, ant chains, tethers, Kyoutung, interesting chains, paper, etc.
平台服务。区块链平台与技术开发服务是上层应用的重要支撑。其中，根据区块链组网方式不同，可分为公有链、联盟链、私有链三种，联盟链是国内区块链最重要的发展方向，为企业级区块链应用提供基本框架。
Platform services. Block chain platforms and technology development services provide important support for upper-level applications.
区块链即服务（BaaS）集合了区块链和云计算两者优势，以云作为基础资源，配合区块链网络的创建、管理、运行、维护组件，对应用提供快捷部署和可视化管理平台，降低了区块链应用的开发部署成本，已成为区块链技术企业最重要的服务形式之一。
Block chains, or services (BaaS), bring together the advantages of block chains and cloud computing, using clouds as a base resource, in conjunction with the creation, management, operation and maintenance of components of the block chain network, providing a platform for rapid deployment and visualization of applications, reducing the development and deployment costs of block chain applications and becoming one of the most important forms of service for block chain technology enterprises.
阿里云、腾讯云、华为云、金山云等各大云厂商均已推出自有 BaaS 服务，为行业企业尤其是中小微企业降低上链门槛，形成上链“绿色通道”。为支撑上层行业应用，该部分企业还提供相关配套服务，包括：区块链浏览器、密钥托管、数字身份、信息安全等。
Each of the major cloud producers, such as Aliyun, Xingyun, Huayun, and Jinshanyun, have introduced their own BaaS services to lower the upper-chain threshold and form the upper-chain “green access” for industry enterprises, especially MSMEs. To support the upper-level industry applications, the sector also provides related support services, including block-chain browsers, key hosting, digital identity, information security, etc.
产业应用。区块链是信息技术的创新发展成果，也是各行业业务流程重构和产业互动模式革新的主要助推器。区块链已经从最初的数字金融，逐步向供应链金融、产品溯源等领域扩展，现在已在政务、民生、工业管理等行业探索应用，其应用场景日益丰富，呈现出与其他行业深度融合发展态势。
Industrial applications. Block chains are an innovative development in information technology and a major booster for business process re-engineering and industrial interaction models. They have expanded from initial digital finance to supply chain finance, product traceability, and now explore applications in such industries as government, livelihood, and industrial management.
目前，国内企业重点聚焦于服务实体经济、改善政务民生相关应用发展，其中供应链金融和产品溯源已占到全部应用的半壁江山，其他如政务、民生等已成厂商未来重点布局领域，即将出现爆炸式增长。
At present, domestic enterprises are focusing on serving the real economy and improving the development of applications related to civil and political life, with supply chain finance and product traceability accounting for half of all applications, and with explosive growth in other areas such as governance and livelihood, which have become priorities for future manufacturers.
周边服务。周边服务包含行业研究、投融资、行业标准制定、系统测评认证、数字化转型咨询等。区块链作为新兴技术，其总体发展尚在初级阶段，社会对该技术的认知尚未普及，行业媒体提供行业资讯，帮助行业参与者掌握行业动态；行业研究和投融资机构，为行业提供智力和资金支持，促进行业快速发展；
Perimeter services include industry research, investment finance, industry standard-setting, system-testing certification, digital transformation advice, etc. The overall development of block chains as emerging technologies is at an early stage, and social awareness of the technologies is not yet widespread, industry media provide industry information to help industry participants to master industry dynamics; and industry research and investment finance institutions provide intellectual and financial support to industry to facilitate rapid industrial development;
行业标准制定和测评认证机构对产品研发和服务能力提出要求，确保产品质量安全，规范行业发展；数字化转型咨询机构则为企业上链提供路径指导，帮助企业认识区块链价值，促进区块链行业应用落地。构筑区块链产业生态离不开周边服务给予支持，该部分企业和机构也呈现快速增长态势，为区块链产业发展奠定坚实基础。
Industry standard-setting and measurement certification bodies require product research and development and service capabilities to ensure product quality security and regulate industry development; the Advisory Body for Digital Transformation provides guidance on the enterprise’s upper chain, helping enterprises to understand the value of block chains and promote their application to the sector. The sector’s block-chain industry is supported by ecological support from the surrounding services, and the sector’s enterprises and institutions are growing rapidly, laying a solid foundation for the development of the sector’s chain.
（2）、各类市场主体积极布局。大型信息技术企业全产业链布局。。多数大型信息技术企业不止局限于产业链某一方面发展，在区块链产业多个层级和多个领域全面投入，特别是科技巨头对区块链形成整体布局，致力于打造全产业链全栈式服务能力。
(ii) The various types of market entities are actively structured. Large IT firms have a whole industry chain layout. Most large IT firms are not limited to one aspect of the industry chain, but are fully involved in multiple levels and areas of the sector chain industry. In particular, the technological giants are shaping the whole block chain and are working to build the capacity of the whole industry chain to provide full-scale services.
百度、阿里、腾讯、华为、京东等行业领军企业通过技术研发，推出自研底层链，同时基于在云计算、大数据、物联网等方面的技术积累，形成了多个领域的综合性区块链集成解决方案，并依托自身云平台基础打造基于云计算的区块链 BaaS 服务平台；海尔、东软、迅雷、奇虎 360 等企业结合自身业务需求积极拓展区块链应用布局，在金融、民生、工业互联网、区块链安全等领域取得一定成果。
Through technology research and development, industry-led enterprises such as 100°, Ali, Tenseng, Huatung and Kyung-dong have launched a self-researching bottom chain, based on technological accumulations in cloud computing, big data and material networking, which has resulted in integrated block-link integration solutions in a number of areas, and have built a cloud-based sector-based service platform based on the foundation of their own cloud platforms, the BaaS service platform; and the Hale, Dong Soft, Xuere, Qiho 360 and others have been active in expanding the layout of the sector-chain in the light of their operational needs, with some results in the areas of finance, livelihood, industrial Internet and block-chain security.
区块链初创企业数量快速增长 。从 2016 年国家将区块链技术列为战略性前沿技术以来，注册成立的区块链企业数量快速增加，呈现井喷式增长。特别是 2019 年以来，国家各部委及各地政府积极出台区块链扶持政策，鼓励区块链相关初创及中小微企业发展。目前涉及区块链业务的 1000 家企业中，初创企业数量最多，占比达 57%，远高于传统 IT 互联网公司的 23%占比。
Since 2016, when the country listed block chain technology as a strategic front-line technology, the number of registered block chain enterprises has increased rapidly, reflecting a blow-out growth. In particular, since 2019, national ministries and local governments have been actively promoting block chain-support policies that encourage the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
上市企业推动区块链行业应用 。随着区块链应用落地加快推进，“区块链+”业务已经成为大型上市企业进军区块链行业的发展重点。截至 2020 年 10 月，已有超过 262 家上市公司涉足区块链领域，分别来自保险、房地产、商业百货、安防设备、包装材料、电信运营等多达 39 个领域。
By October 2020, more than 262 listed companies had been involved in the sector chain, from insurance, real estate, commercial department stores, security equipment, packaging materials, telecommunications, etc.
上市公司的区块链业务主要以行业应用为牵引，首先将金融领域为突破口，积极部署供应链金融、资产管理、跨境支付、跨境贸易等领域的应用。在国家互联网信息办公布的区块链信息服务备案清单中，上市公司区块链项目已达到 45 项。
The sector chain operations of listed companies are mainly driven by industry applications, starting with the financial sector, and actively deploy supply chain finance, asset management, cross-border payments, and cross-border trade applications. In the list of block chain information services published by the National Internet Information Office, 45 listed company block chain projects have been implemented.
2、区块链产业发展趋势
2. Trends in the sector chain industry
较完备的产业链条和积极活跃的市场主体，为区块链产业融通发展提供了良好的基础。区块链产业在政策扶持、生态构建、平台服务、应用落地以及融合创新等方面呈现积极向好的发展态势。
More sophisticated industrial chains and active market players provide a good basis for the development of block chains. Block chains are developing positively in terms of policy support, ecological construction, platform services, application landings, and integration of innovation.
（1）、发展环境向好，加大产业扶持力度。疫情后世界政策环境和经济贸易趋势为区块链带来发展先机。国际方面，疫情带来的物理隔离体现了经济数字化的重要性，针对当前跨国数字经济对于信任基础的需求，区块链提供了解决方案，其特点降低了交易风险，增强了跨国贸易和跨境数据流通的安全性。
On the international level, the physical isolation caused by the epidemic reflects the importance of the economy’s digitalization and the solutions that the current transnational digital economy demands for a trust base, which are characterized by reduced transactional risks and increased security in cross-border trade and cross-border data flows.
国内方面，疫情防控倒逼新型数字技术迅猛发展的同时，区块链在内的“新基建”成为 2020 年后稳增长的重要抓手，国内经济发展趋势和政策扶持导向给区块链发展带来机遇，政务、民生、医疗等领域将成为区块链应用的突破口和主战场。Gartner 发布的 2020 年中国 ICT 技术成熟度曲线中，中国区块链技术已从泡沫破裂谷底期触底反弹。
On the domestic front, while the epidemic prevention and control has forced the rapid development of new digital technologies, “new infrastructure,” including the block chain, has become an important driver of steady growth after 2020. Trends in domestic economic development and policy support orientations have opened up opportunities for the development of the block chain, and areas such as government, civil life, and health care have become breakthroughs and main battlefields for the application of the block chain. In the 2020 Chinese ICT technological maturity curve, released by Gartner, China’s block chain technology has rebounded from the bottom of the bubble-breaking valley.
（2）、生态逐步完备，产业规模日益增长。随着新技术对于社会经济变革价值的体现，区块链行业将逐渐形成涵盖基础设备、系统平台、应用服务、配套支撑等的全方位产业链体系。无论是技术过硬、深耕行业的平台型龙头企业，成长潜力大、发展态势好的区块链创新企业，还是技术配套和行业应用类信息服务企业，将利用技术平台结合行业特色，服务与实体经济方方面面，合力打造服务完善、高低搭配的企业梯队。
As new technologies reflect the value of socio-economic change, the sector will evolve into a whole range of industrial chains covering basic equipment, systems platforms, application services, support, etc. Whether the platform-led enterprises in the over-technology, deep-farming sector grow with high potential, develop well-developed block-chained innovation enterprises, or technology-support and industry-applied information services enterprises will use technology platforms to combine industry characteristics, services with real economy aspects, and combine efforts to build enterprise ladders that are well-serviced and well-equipped.
根据 IDC 预测，全球区块链产业规模将保持增长，中国仍为全球区块链市场规模第二大的单体国家。2020 年全球区块链市场整体支出在新冠肺炎疫情的影响下有所减少，将达到 42.8 亿美元；2019-2023 年，我国区块链解决方案相关支出的复合年均增长率预期将达到 60%（与疫情前预测相比下降约10%）。
According to IDC, the size of the global block chain industry is expected to continue to grow, and China remains the second largest single country in the global block chain market. Overall global block chain spending will decrease in 2020, as a result of the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, to $4.28 billion; and, in 2019-2023, the combined annual growth rate of our block chain-related expenditures is expected to reach 60% (about 10% lower than pre-epidemiological projections).
（3）、平台服务导向，基础设施呼声渐起。2020 年 4 月，蚂蚁金服、腾讯云相继发布“蚂蚁开放联盟链”和“腾讯产业加速器---区块链”，传递出产业发展新方向，即是以科技龙头为代表的区块链企业所聚焦的已不仅仅是区块链的技术和产品，而是逐步向平台服务升级转变。
(iii) Platform service orientation, and the rise of infrastructure. In April 2020, ant gold suits, tungsten clouds were followed by ant open union chains and tungsten industrial accelerators – block chains – transmitting a new direction for industrial development, i.e., firms in block chains, represented by scientific and technological poles, were focusing not only on technology and products in block chains, but on the gradual upgrading of platform services.
可以预见，除布局技术研发和为区块链产业深度发展提供必要的技术支撑之外，区块链企业将愈来愈强调区块链平台建设和服务能力，目标在于打造可适用于安全可靠、灵活高效、适用于多场景的区块链服务体系。
It is foreseen that, in addition to the technological development of the layout and the provision of the necessary technical support for the in-depth development of the block chain industry, the block chain enterprise will place increasing emphasis on building and service capacity of the block chain platform, with the objective of creating a system of block chain services that can be applied to a safe, reliable, flexible and efficient manner and that can be adapted to multiple scenarios.
构建基于区块链的新型基础设施，发挥区块链在提供信任通道、重构生产关系、降低边际成本、实现价值传递等方面的优势，探索数据要素的确权、流通，搭建面向行业的区块链应用服务平台，推动行业应用间互联互通，推动实现行业运行数据共享利用和信用体系建设，促进行业转型升级。
Building new infrastructure based on block chains, building on the advantages of block chains in providing access to trust, reshaping productive relationships, reducing marginal costs and realizing value transfer, exploring the right to and circulation of data elements, setting up industry-oriented block chain application service platforms, promoting inter-industry connectivity, promoting industry operational data-sharing and credit system development, and promoting industry transformational upgrading.
（4）、应用多向落地，行业渗透程度攀升。继区块链上升为国家新兴技术战略之后，其应用落地的呼声愈演愈烈，但受制于技术自身瓶颈和理解成本较高，区块链距离真正大规模落地仍需一段时间。伴随着技术解决方案的丰富和应用示范标杆的成熟，区块链的行业渗透率将日趋得到提升。
Once the chain of blocks rises into an emerging national technology strategy, the call for its application rises, but subject to the technology’s own bottlenecks and the higher cost of understanding, it will take some time for the chain to reach a truly large scale. With the abundance of technological solutions and the maturity of the application demonstration poles, industry penetration in the chain will increase.
一方面，以数字金融、供应链管理等领域为切入点，结合行业自身，积极打造一批行业示范应用，形成较为成熟的商业模式，探索形成行业应用范式。另一方面，对于政府治理、民生保障、智能制造及新型智慧城市等领域全面布局，利用区块链技术优势，促进行业数字化改造升级，推动行业全方位探索实践，促进区块链技术在更多行业应用落地。
On the one hand, using digital finance and supply chain management as entry points, the industry itself actively develops a set of industry demonstration applications, developing a more sophisticated business model, and exploring industry application paradigms. On the other hand, a comprehensive layout of government governance, livelihood security, smart manufacturing, and new intelligent cities is being developed, taking advantage of the technological advantages of block chains, promoting industrial digital upgrading, promoting industry-wide exploration practices, and promoting the deployment of sector-chain technologies in more industries.
（5）、新型技术融合，拓展应用创新空间。作为 5G 时代最佳的信任承载体系，随着区块链与云计算、大数据、人工智能等新技术新应用交叉融合，互联网从信息互联、人人互联向万物互联迭代创新，后工业时代基于信任中介进行交易契约的商业模式愈发不适应数字经济“广连接、大协作”的发展诉求，在互联网、工业互联网上提供“算法中介”，推动以SaaS等形式提供区块链服务，降低行业应用开发部署门槛和成本，积极扩展灵活多样的接入和增值服务，为行业企业应用区块链提供基础性产品，提升区块链服务企业的产品力和创新力，提高行业应用创新效率。
As the best trust delivery system of the 5G era, with new applications of new technologies, such as block chains and cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence, the Internet has been innovative in terms of information interconnection, connectivity for all to everything, and commercial models of trading contracts based on trust intermediaries in the post-industrial era have become increasingly unsuited to the development demands of the digital economy “wider connectivity, greater collaboration” by providing “calculation intermediaries” on the Internet and the industrial Internet, promoting block-chain services in the form of SaaS, lowering the threshold and cost of deployment of industry applications, actively expanding flexible and diverse access and value-added services, providing basic products for industry application block chains, upgrading the productivity and innovation of sector-chain service enterprises, and improving the efficiency of industry application of innovation.
智东西认为， 今年的区块链技术，投资方面出现了降温，但技术和产业的发展依然火热，说明行业经过疯狂的扩张后开始逐步趋于理性。但是，技术是把“双刃剑，”在大力发展区块链下游应用的同时，仍需要谨慎地规避其可能带来的风险。
Intelligents believe that this year’s block chain technology and investment have cooled, but technology and industry have continued to grow hot, suggesting that the industry has gradually grown rationally after a crazy expansion. But technology is a “double-edged sword,” which is being applied downstream of the block chain, but it still needs to be carefully avoided.
原标题：《区块链2020白皮书：资本回归理性，金融、互联网、物流抢着用【附下载】| 智东西内参》
Original title: White Paper on Block Chain 2020: Rethinking Capital, Finance, the Internet, Logistics for Use [with Downloads]
注册有任何问题请添加 微信：MVIP619 拉你进入群
打开微信扫一扫
添加客服
进入交流群
发表评论