最近热播的电视剧《破冰行动》，讲述的是缉毒警不畏牺牲，粉碎地下毒网的故事。剧中，毒贩用“暗网”这一互联网手段，联系卖家，构建贩毒网络。进入暗网并不容易，需要密钥，而密钥不是所有人都能得到的。
The most popular television show, Operation Ice Break, tells the story of the anti-narcotic police who are not afraid to sacrifice their lives and crush the underground drug network. In the play, drug traffickers use the Internet tool, " , to reach out to sellers and build drug trafficking networks. Access to the clandestine network is not easy, requires keys, and keys are not available to all.
那么，这神秘莫测的暗网究竟是什么？
So, what is this mysterious dark net?
用特定软件、配置等才能访问
Access with specific software, configuration, etc.
暗网又被称为隐藏网（Hidden Web），普通用户无法通过常规互联网手段搜索和访问它，它是深网（Deep Web）的重要组成部分。与之相对的是公众所熟悉的、通过搜索引擎和网址便能访问的表网（Surface Web）。
The dark web, also known as (Hidden Web), cannot be searched and accessed by ordinary users via conventional Internet means, which is an important part of Deep Web.
通俗地说，暗网就是那些具有非公开访问机制，普通搜索引擎无法搜索其内容的网站。资料显示，表网只承载了全球网络内容的不到10%，剩下的90%则“藏”于深网之中。
Commonly speaking, the dark web is those sites with closed access, where ordinary search engines are unable to search their content. Information shows that the watchnet carries less than 10 per cent of the content of the global network, while the remaining 90 per cent is “hidden” in the deep web.
“暗网需要使用特定软件、配置或授权才能访问。”天津大学智能与计算学部教授王文俊在接受科技日报记者采访时表示。
“The dark web requires specific software, configuration or authorization to access it.” Professor Wang Wenjun of the Intelligence and Computing Department of Tianjin University said in an interview with a science daily journalist.
暗网通常存储于网络数据库中，但无法通过超链接访问，而是必须通过动态网页技术来访问。暗网的内容十分丰富，九成以上是动态内容，其余的包括未被链接内容、私有网站、受限存取内容、脚本化内容以及非HTML／文本内容等。
Dark webs are usually stored in web-based databases, but cannot be accessed via hyperlinks. Instead, they must be accessed through dynamic web technology. The dark web is rich in content, with more than 90 per cent dynamic content and the rest includes unconnected content, private websites, restricted access content, script-based content and non-HTML/text content.
如何才能获取这些内容呢？北京理工大学软件学院副教授闫怀志告诉记者，主要有两种途径。“一是构建针对性的暗网爬虫和搜索引擎，二是使用暗网所有者提供的信息对接手段。从技术实现角度来说，暗网通常采用特定的编码关键词技术，利用‘洋葱路由（Tor）’‘隐形网计划（I2P）’等工具构建‘隐藏的服务器’。”闫怀志说。
How can this be obtained? The assistant professor at the Beijing Polytechnic School of Software told journalists that there are two main ways. “One is to build a targeted dark net reptiles and search engine, and the other is to match the information provided by the dark net owners. In terms of technology realization, the dark net usually uses specific coding keyword techniques, using tools such as the Tor's “Invisible Network Project” (I2P) to build a hidden server.”
支持匿名交谈，通信高度保密
Support anonymous conversations,
王文俊说，Tor是由美国海军研究实验室开发出来的匿名系统，用于避免在网上的活动被追踪到。普通用户下载安装相应软件后，便可访问暗网。
Wang Wenjun says that Tor is an anonymous system developed by the U.S. Navy Research Laboratory to avoid online activity being traced.
I2P则是利用“洋葱路由”的变体技术——大蒜路由，对网络中端到端的信息通道采用单向加密的匿名通信系统,通信隧道只掌握每一跳节点相邻节点的信息，但无法获知通信双方的通信关系，因而保证通信的匿名性。
I2P uses a variant of “onion route” — garlic route — to use a one-way encrypted anonymous communication system for information channels from the centre to the end of the network. The communication tunnels only have information on each jump point adjacent to the node, but they are unable to obtain information on the communication relationship between the two parties, thereby guaranteeing the anonymity of the communication.
而用户则需要通过VPN、Tor浏览器等才能实现匿名访问暗网。“Tor浏览器堪称是一枚能打开暗网世界大门的钥匙，它在密码学层面几乎不可破译。Tor浏览器就好像给用户戴了一张面具，用它浏览网站，没人会知道其真实身份。”闫怀志坦言。
Users need to access the dark web anonymously through VPN, Tor browser, etc. "Tor Browser is a key that opens the door to the dark web, which is almost unbreakable at the cryptographic level. The Tor Browser seems to put a mask on the user to view the site and no one will know its true identity."
暗网之所以吸引人，是因为用户之间的通信高度加密，它允许用户匿名交谈、共享文件。“其中Tor浏览器和Tor服务器被广泛使用，由于暗网通过大量中间服务器传输用户数据，传输信息只能由后续节点解密，因而暗网用户身份和IP地址无法被外界获取，也就无法跟踪相关用户。”王文俊表示。
Darknet is attractive because the communication between users is highly encrypted, and it allows users to talk anonymously and share files. “The Tor browser and the Tor server are widely used, and since the dark web transmits user data via a large number of intermediate servers, the information can only be decrypted by a follow-on node, so that the dark network user identity and IP address cannot be accessed by the outside world and the user cannot be tracked.” Wang Wenjun states.
王文俊解释道，暗网作为网络用户身份的匿名化通信系统，不仅从网络协议的改进、IP地址的动态化等方面进行技术伪装，还会对用户内容信息进行加密。量子保密通信是指以具备信息理论安全性证明的QKD技术作为密钥分发功能组件，结合适当的密钥管理、安全的密码算法和协议而形成的加密通信安全解决方案。而暗网则与其不同，它对用户身份、信息的保密更多基于网络协议和IP地址的代理转换，从而隐匿用户身份，让检测机构无法轻易获取到用户登录地址。
Wang Wenjun explained that, as an anonymous communication system for the identity of network users, Darknet not only disguises technology from improved network protocols, the dynamicization of IP addresses, but also encrypts user content information. Quantum-confidential communications refer to QKD technologies that have proof of the theoretical security of information as key distribution functional components, combined with appropriate key management, secure password algorithms, and protocols.
普通用户和犯罪分子共存
Coexistence between ordinary users and criminals
王文俊介绍道，历史上著名的暗网交易平台有以毒品交易为主的“丝绸之路”网站、被称为“暗网之王”的毒品交易市场Agora等。
Wang Wenjun explained that historically well-known Internet trading platforms include the “Silk Road” website, which is dominated by the drug trade, and the drug market Agora, known as the “King of the Dark Net”.
闫怀志称，暗网的形成有两种途径。其一是由于某些客观原因，网站自身不规范或缺少统一规划，导致常规的搜索引擎无法对其进行识别，使其成为搜索盲区，从而无法供公众访问，客观上形成了暗网。其二是网站所有者主观上不愿被公众访问，比如出于隐私保护、版权保护以及负面信息隐藏等原因。
One is that, for objective reasons, the site itself is not regulated or centrally planned, resulting in the conventional search engine being unable to identify it, make it a blind area for public access, and objectively form a dark web. The second is that the owner of the site is subjectively reluctant to be visited by the public, for example for reasons of privacy protection, copyright protection and the concealment of negative information.
人们通常使用暗网做什么？
What do people usually do with dark nets?
王文俊告诉记者，Tor服务器提供的服务有儿童色情内容、非法毒品和其他商品交易的黑市、僵尸网络运营、政治讨论论坛、欺诈相关服务和邮购服务等。
Wang Wenjun told journalists that the services provided by Tor servers included child pornography, the black market for illegal drugs and other commodities, the operation of zombie networks, political discussion forums, fraud-related services and mail-order services.
值得注意的是，使用暗网的用户通常是一些非常注重隐私、需保持匿名状态的人，除非法交易者外，还有些用户利用Tor来规避审查，或利用Tor进行威胁信息挖掘。
It is worth noting that the users of the dark net are usually very private people who need to remain anonymous, except in the case of legal traders, where some users use Tor to avoid censorship or to use Tor for threatening information excavations.
也就是说，在暗网中普通用户和违法犯罪分子共存。其实，暗网里面的普通用户，有的是为了规避上网行为限制，有的则是为了记录、存储、传播并分享信息等。
In other words, ordinary users coexist in the dark web with criminals. In fact, ordinary users in the dark web, either to avoid restrictions on access to the Internet or to record, store, disseminate and share information.
有网的地方就有“江湖”，暗网更不例外。
Where there is a net, there is a “gang and lake”, and the dark net is no exception.
“各色人等涌入暗网之后，导致暗网中鱼龙混杂。而在普通公众的认知里，暗网通常是涉黑涉恐、杀人越货、买卖销赃等罪恶孳生地，导致暗网成为违法犯罪平台的代名词。”闫怀志直言。
“Black people, for example, have come into the dark web, which has led to a mix of fish and fish. In the general public’s perception, the dark web is usually a breeding ground for crimes such as hacking, killing, selling and selling, making the dark web a substitute for a criminal platform.” To be honest.
他告诉记者，暗网确实在众多影响世界的重大恶性事件中，起到了“根据地”的作用，比如涉恐组织的网站，几乎都植根于暗网。
He told journalists that the dark web did play a “ground-based” role in a number of major malicious events affecting the world, such as the websites of terrorist organizations, which were almost all rooted in the dark web.
加密货币助推暗网走向成熟
boosts the dark net towards maturity
暗网历史与万维网本身历史一样悠久。
Dark Web history is as old as the World Wide Web itself.
1994年，美国学者吉尔·埃尔斯沃思（Jill Ellsworth）博士首先提出了隐藏网概念，而实用的暗网技术则最早源于美国海军研究实验室。1996年，出于军事目的，该实验室提出如下构想：在某个系统中，所有的用户在联网时均处于匿名状态，用户身份对服务器保密。时至今日，暗网已发展成为数据规模超过表网400倍的另一种网络。
In 1994, the American scholar, Dr. Jill Elsworth, first proposed the concept of a hidden web, while the practical dark web technology originated first in the United States Navy Research Laboratory. In 1996, for military purposes, the lab developed the idea that in one system, all users were anonymous when they were connected, and that the user identity was confidential to the server. To date, it has grown into another network of data 400 times the size of the watch network.
王文俊介绍道，2000年暗网进入发展起步期，开始为大量非法信息传递提供便利，包括非法色情材料和盗版内容。而随着Tor的发布，暗网实现了彻底的匿名操作。2010年，Tor开始与加密货币结合，诞生了第一个黑市。“加密货币一直是暗网走向成熟的最大助推因素。”王文俊说。
Wang Wenjun explained that, in 2000, the dark net began to develop and began to facilitate the flow of illegal information, including illegal pornographic material and pirated content. With Tor’s release, the dark net became completely anonymous. In 2010, Tor began to combine with encrypted money, giving birth to the first black market.
暗网号称是犯罪者天堂,也被比作“暗黑版淘宝”。不法分子可通过加密货币购买服务，如军火枪支、毒品，甚至人口买卖等，具有匿名属性的加密货币让双方绕开了政府和银行的监管。特别是恐怖分子利用暗网进行交流和协调时，难以被相关机构识别、跟踪。
Undercover money, which is called a haven for criminals, is also compared to “black-edged treasures.” Unlawful people can buy services through encrypted currency, such as arms guns, drugs, and even human trafficking, which allows them to bypass government and bank supervision. In particular, when terrorists use clandestine networks for communication and coordination, it is difficult for them to be identified and followed up by the relevant agencies.
2017年7月，由美国与荷兰主导，多国警方协同关闭了以毒品交易为主的暗网平台“阿尔法湾”和“汉萨市场”。
In July 2017, led by the United States and the Netherlands, the multinational police coordinated the closure of the clandestine drug-trading platforms Alpha Bay and the Hansa market.
暗网危害众多，最严重的，莫过于其在很大程度上规避了政府监管，成了法外之地。“暗网已成为涉黑涉恐、反政府、反社会、网络黑产交易等不法行为的重要‘栖身地’，给社会和公众安全带来了巨大风险和威胁。”闫怀志直言。
There are many dangers, the worst of which are more serious than the fact that they have largely bypassed government oversight and become an extralegal place. “The dark web has become an important ‘shelter’ for criminal acts, such as terrorism, anti-government, anti-social, cyber-black trade,” posing great risks and threats to society and public safety.
虽然暗网通常难以被追踪，对其实施监管较困难，但世界各国都在加大对暗网打击力度。
While dark nets are often difficult to trace and more difficult to regulate, countries around the world are stepping up their fight against dark nets.
比如，可通过监控Tor等浏览器的下载信息来顺藤摸瓜，跟踪暗网用户并监控其在暗网中的行为；也可主动创建暗网陷阱，对犯罪分子等用户开放，坐等违法犯罪分子入瓮；还可让政府监管人员扮演成暗网用户进行卧底，深入虎穴，成功取证。
For example, it can be done by monitoring the downloads of browsers such as Tor, tracking the dark web users and monitoring their behaviour on the dark web. It can also create a hidden net trap open to users such as criminals and waiting for offenders to enter the trap. It can also allow government regulators to act as dark web users, go undercover, go deep into tiger caves and take evidence successfully.
“暗网处于网络世界中最黑暗、最隐蔽、最深层的底部，里面充斥着大量负面信息。一些计算机相关专业人士、从事网络攻击活动的黑客组织等也藏身于此，极大地增加了追踪和打击难度。”闫怀志说。
“The dark web is at the bottom of the darkest, most hidden and deepest layers of the web world, filled with a lot of negative information. Some computer-related professionals, hacker organizations, etc., are also hiding there, making tracing and combating more difficult.”
注册有任何问题请添加 微信：MVIP619 拉你进入群
打开微信扫一扫
添加客服
进入交流群
发表评论